Gangs - 1141 Words

Authorities in Boston have also engaged in utilizing prevention strategies on juveniles who are on probation or in trouble. They have many programs present to combat gangs in Boston. One example is the Dorchester Safe Neighborhood Initiative, which unites both the authorities and the community, allowing for a better community overall due to communication and understanding. There is also the Ten Point Coalition which is an â€Å"alliance of black ministers whose goal is to form relationships with youths in trouble† with the ultimate philosophy being â€Å"to be there for young people and to catch them before they fall† (Prevent Crime, Too). By doing so, the Boston community creates a safety net for their at-risk youth and in turn prevents gang†¦show more content†¦This method treats the gang members like human beings and solves the deeper problems in society, which then solve the problems of gangs in society. Other countries can help El Salvador in their mission to end gang violence through a variety of ways. The first is through foreign-direct investment, or FDI, in El Salvador. FDI is when a foreign corporation goes to another country and conducts services there through an office or factory, but still maintains headquarters in the foreign country (Zoltan). Foreign countries can encourage companies to move jobs to El Salvador, which provide them with increased opportunity and economic growth. This method proved effective in Asia during the 1980s and 1990s when the percentage of FDI dollars rose from 28 percent to 60 percent; as a result, it â€Å"aided the ‘Asian Tigers’ phenomenon of rapid industrialization and global economic competitiveness in Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan† (Zoltan). Today, these countries are some of the richest in the entire world, who are innovating and researching groundbreaking topics. By doing the same for El Salvador, it allo ws for adolescents to not enter the gang life, and instead pursue schooling and a job. The injections into their economy allow communities to start more programs just like those in Los Angeles or Boston, and can create a better support system for at-risk youth. AnotherShow MoreRelatedGang Report On Gang Groups840 Words   |  4 Pages2013 National Gang Report, gangs continue to flourish, progress, and develop criminal tradecrafts (p. 3). Based on state, local, and federal law enforcement reporting, the National Gang Intelligence Center (NGIC) calculated that the US gang composition is approximately 88 percent street gang members, 9.5 percent prison gang members, and 2.5 percent outlaw motorcycle gang (OMG) members. Street gangs pose the most violent and significant threat in most communities, while prison gangs are viewed asRead MoreCharacteristics Of Chicago Gang Gangs988 Words   |  4 Pagescharacteristics of Chicago’s gangs of the 1920 was the division across ethnic lines. In other words, representatives of the same ethnic group stuck together and frowned upon the inclusion of outsiders into their gangs. Of course, larger gangs were often multiethnic, but their core was predominantly monoethnic. The same tendency prevailed acro ss the country, as gangs in New York and Philadelphia were also increasingly homogenous. Asian triads, Italian mafia, Irish and Jewish gangs were all incestuous organizationsRead MoreGangs: Crime and Gang Violence1549 Words   |  7 PagesGangs Gangs are a violent reality that people have to deal with in today s cities. What has made these groups come about? Why do kids feel that being in a gang is both an acceptable and prestigious way to live? The long range answer to these questions can only be speculated upon, but in the short term the answers are much easier to find. On the surface, gangs are a direct result of human beings personal wants and peer pressure. To determine how to effectively end gang violence weRead MoreAfrican American Gang Gangs1943 Words   |  8 Pagesis relative in space and time. Gangs are a seen as a deviant subculture within itself. While not all gang members have a criminally deviant agenda, many do perform deviant acts such as graffiti, robbery, larceny, assault, drug deals and homicide. Regardless of what the intentions of joining are, becoming a gang member is considered a deviant behavior in our society. There are different types of gangs such as street gangs, prison gangs, motorcycle gangs, ethnic gangs etc. For this paper, the focusRead MoreThe Violence Of Gangs And Gangs1377 Words   |  6 PagesGangs have become one of the nation’s fastest growing problems within recent history. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation about 33,000 violent street gangs, motorcycle gangs, and prison gangs with about 2.4 million members are criminally active in the U.S. today. They use violence to control neighborhoods and boost their illegal moneymaking activities, which include but are not limited to: robbery, drug and gun trafficking, fraud, extortion, and prostitute rings. With as much researchRead MoreU.s. Gangs And The Gangs1317 Words   |  6 Pagesoriginated with U.S. gangs in an effort for drug cartels to amp up and focus on their production, leaving the logistics to the gangs. The drug cartels have chosen to align with U.S. gangs based on similar philosophies of honor, a llegiance, and loyalty combined with similar business practices and levels of hierarchy. The largest U.S. gangs are structured similarly to giant corporations that succeed with levels of management teams with the ultimate goal of profit, U.S. gangs are no different as theyRead MoreGangs And Gang Crimes All Together2177 Words   |  9 PagesI have chosen to write my paper on Gangs and Gang crimes all together. I want to explain the history and reasoning of modern gangs and how and why they came about. I also want to give examples of some of the most common gangs known world wide and examples of the crimes they commit. I will also include insight on the reasoning behind the joining of gangs. Lastly, I would like to go into some detail about the criminal investigation of gang crimes. I have chosen this topic because I believe it is oneRead MoreDo Gang Behavior And Gang Affiliation?1845 Words   |  8 Pagesacknowledge and challenge communities to recognize gang behavior and gang aff iliation. This paper will also describe the culture and what it means to be in a gang; key findings of the research; recommendations the community can employ to remedy the need; and discussions and implications for further study. Keywords: African-American, Black men, Hip hop, Rap music, Nigga â€Å"There are approximately 27,900 gangs, with 774,000 members, impacting towns, cities, andRead MoreClassification of Gangs847 Words   |  4 PagesClassification of Gangs Introduction The problem of classifying gangs has interested both sociologists and law enforcement. For the purpose of law enforcement, a gang is generally defined as an organized group among the members of which there is well-designed communication. This paper evaluates classification schemes from current research for gangs. The objective is to discover the issues and problems in creating classifications for gangs including a definition which delineates what constitutes a gang and differentiatesRead MoreGangs and Injunctions1330 Words   |  6 PagesGangs and Injunctions Criminal activities and gangs have mostly always been an on going problem in the United States. Gangs and gang members are frequently involved with a variety of different crimes. The 2008 National Youth Gang Survey reported that there are approximately 774,000 active gang members in the United States (Egley, Howell, Moore, 2010). The 2008 National Youth Gang Survey also states that there are about 27,900 active gangs in the United States (Egley et al., 2010). The active

Women s Rights During The Nineteenth Century - 1171 Words

Today, women benefit from many basic rights such as voting and the ability to own property while married. But in the 1800s, females struggled to achieve these rights and the status of citizenship. However, women were not meant to obtain the rights to citizenship, or at least, not in a society that had never included women in the definition of citizenship. As a result, the debate of women’s equality grew to be one of the biggest issues in the nineteenth-century. As a male-dominated society continued to influence others, to strike fear onto others, and to establish women’s position in the law, women’s rights in America became a major controversial subject in the nineteenth-century because women were on the verge of shattering the preexisting definition of citizenship. As women began to fight for citizen-like freedoms, men used their existing power to influence others into thinking women were not considered citizens. In a response to the many â€Å"Woman’s Rights Conventions† appearing during the 1840s, a document entitled â€Å"Women out of their Latitude† went to great lengths to explain how swapping gender roles would â€Å"demoralise, and degrade from their high sphere and noble destiny, women of all respectable and useful classes†. This â€Å"noble destiny† is the source of the problem. The male’s perspective of a woman’s â€Å"destiny† was widely accepted in this society because it was, in fact, a society dominated by men, allowing the perspective of a man to be more public and reach aShow MoreRelatedWomen s Rights Movement During The Nineteenth Century1632 Words   |  7 PagesMs. Place APUSH I May 26, 2016 Women’s Rights Movement Women in the nineteenth century began to fight for their rights as they were inspired by other abolitionist movements. Women were denied basic natural rights that were given to men. For example, women were not allowed to vote or own property. They also earned less money than men, even if they were working the same job. Men also had a more variety of opportunities in regarding jobs and careers. Women were expected to care for the childrenRead MoreWomens Suffrage in the 1800’s-19th Century Essay1190 Words   |  5 Pages Women, like black slaves, were treated unequally from the male before the nineteenth century. The role of the women played the part of their description, physically and emotionally weak, which during this time period all women did was took care of their household and husband, and followed their orders. Women were classified as the â€Å"weaker sex† or below the standards of men in the early part of the century. Soon after the decades unfolded, women gradually surfaced to breathe the airRead MorePresident Obama Signs Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Restoration Act1368 Words   |  6 PagesWomen have been treated unfairly and unequally in history furthermore. There were many occasions when people joined together to make legislative changes. In 1848, a convention held in New York brought a call to action, making 12 resolutions that people wanted to see happen to provide women with the same amount of respect men had and the same rights. Later on in the nineteenth century Colorado is the first state to give women the right to vote, which led to other states following in Colorado’s footRead MorePresident Obama Signs Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Restoration Act1368 Words   |  6 Pages Women have been treated unfairly and unequally in history furthermore, there were many occasions when people joined together to make legislative changes. In 1848, a convention held in New York brought a call to action, making 12 resolutions that people wanted to see happen to provide women with the same amount of respect men had and the same rights. Later on in the nineteenth century Colorado is the first state to give women the right to vote, which led to other states following in Colorado’s footRead MoreWomens Role in Marriage1327 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ The roles of women have changed drastically throughout the years. Historically the expected role of the woman in the family was to a take care of the needs within the home, which included providing care for the children, doing chores, and making goods. During these times women were required to be subservient to their husbands and had little say in the matters outside of the home or outside her â€Å"place.† During the 1800s women were essentially the possession of their spouse, they were not allowedRead MoreUnequal Rights For Women And Gender Inequality1732 Words   |  7 PagesUnequal rights for women and gender inequality have been a plague across European society since the dawn of time. It was not until the late eighteenth century that women’s rights activists, such as Mary Wollstonecraft, began to take action against this inequality. Through the perseverance of these activists, major reforms for equality began to arise during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, both being time periods that marked a profound era for women and the progression of women’s rights. DuringRead MoreWomen s Rights And Abolitionist Movement Essay985 Words   |  4 PagesBeginning of Women’s Rights Abolitionist Movement Women’s Rights Abolitionists Back in the nineteenth century men and women were not treated equally as they are now. Women did not have as much freedom as the men did and that caused a national movement. Not only were the women segregated from the men, but the discrimination against the African American race was a huge ordeal as well. With both movements combined, it led to a controversial development at that time. Not only were women fighting forRead MoreWomen s Political Roles During The Nineteenth Century Essay1275 Words   |  6 PagesPolitical Roles during the Nineteenth Century in British North America Doris Trlin HIST 2500: Canadian History Instructor: Sean Kheraj Teaching Assistant: Sara Howdle October 20th, 2016 In the first half of the nineteenth century in British North America, women’s political roles differed from those of men. British North America was a European male-dominate patriarchy society in which women’s roles within society were limited. During the nineteenth century, men were consideredRead MoreA Brief Note On Science And The Nineteenth Century1249 Words   |  5 PagesFaith v.s Science Sunya Hassan History 10 Faith vs. Science in the Nineteenth Century Throughout history, the comparison of faith and science have caused debate between our historians. However, they can agree that the nineteenth century was somewhat of a blurred line in American history to determine where the population’s allegiance laid. While the Second Great Awakening riled up a lot of devout Baptists and Methodists, science had also taken a toll with the Industrial Revolution. Which isRead MoreThe Invention Of The Industrial Revolution1585 Words   |  7 Pagesand iron production. During the industrial Revolution women wanted to have rights, they wanted to be able to work and earn money just like men and after some of them did have the rights to work but not everyone were happy about that, especially men. The nineteenth century industrialization and urbanization had a lot of advantages for men but did it affect women’s status? Before World War I and World War II, women didn’t have many rights, during the war women gained the right to work in factories

Change and Continuity in Chinese Government and Culture During 100 Ce Through 600 Ce free essay sample

In China there was a large amount of change that the country endured both politically and culturally between the years 100 C. E. and 600 C. E. During the classical era of China there were many cultural changes. The ideas of China changed due to the creation of three distinct religions: Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism. Followers of Confucianism followed the ideas of Confucius; he believed that people should emphasize personal virtue, which included a respect of tradition. Because of those ideas it converted a large population of China. During the Qin and early Han periods Legalism was introduced but never got the amount of approval that Confucianism did. Daoism on the other hand gained many higher up people because of its elaborate spirituality and its traditional Chinese beliefs in nature’s harmony. During this time a set of Five Classics were written by Confucius that was used for Civil Service exams. Also poetry was well paid attention to due to Chinese melodic speech. We will write a custom essay sample on Change and Continuity in Chinese Government and Culture During 100 Ce Through 600 Ce or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Finally Chinese art, at this time it was decorative, and stressed careful detail and craftsmanship. During 100 C. E. and 600 C. E. there were many political changes that occurred in China. The Han Dynasty created a strong bureaucracy that lasted till the 20th century. That bureaucracy was capable of taking on tasks of large complex states. That bureaucracy used the Confucian Classics in the Civil Service exams, by passing this test it proclaimed the individual of being a model scholar-bureaucrat. Government traditions were also established during this time, in this system the Chinese government operated military and judicial systems. Under this government they stressed intellectual life, by promoting Confucian philosophy as an official statement of Chinese values. In between this time the Imperial Government was becoming an active part in Chinese economy by standardizing weights and currency during trades. During this era of change in China, Chinese culture starting to shape itself into a culture based on family and religion. The government started to establish a strong bureaucracy and using Civil Service exams. These changes were so effective that some of these changes are still actively used in Chinese culture and politics today.

Cross Culture Management

Question: Discuss about the Cross Culture Management. Answer: Introduction There are thousands of culture across the world and every culture having their importance and way to handle their nations working procedures. Moreover, businesses are accomplished in these nations and there are some difference and similarities in their way to do the business, manage their organizations culture and handling team management (Thomas and Peterson 2014). Bian and Forsythe (2012) depicts that cross-cultural management resembles the approach for managing the business team in a different culture and evaluates the differences in practices and preferences of consumers an international business context. The reason for the evaluation of the cross-cultural management among two or more different nation is that some organization took the initiative to modify or adapt some cultural advancement,which makes them not bounded by any barrier of territories (Chanlat et al. 2013). In such approaches, an organization of one nation, implements the positive business procedure of other nation for the betterment of their organization. Intercultural interactions have increased in importance in making the business wider and planning for work in different cultural situations (Bian and Forsythe 2012). The two nations that are taken into consideration for this market assessment are Australia and China. It is also evident that nations culture has the effect on the business managerial decisions, on individualism, on group orientation, the way they communicate with their business counterparts and subordinates, the approach an organization taking for decision-making along with their differences in autocratic approach of leadership (Sultana et al. 2013). Moreover, the differences of cultures also have an impact on superior-subordinate relationships and technique of managing business teams for achieving the business goals and objectives. Thus, in this assessment all these factors are considered in the context of Australia and China. Proper evidence will be provided along with the reason why the business culture of one nation among the two is better and have positive business outcomes. Discussion Geert Hofstede model was utilised in the assessment-1 in order to evaluate the difference between the two nations and their culture for accomplishing the business objectives. These two nations have many differences in their culture and managing their business group for attaining the business goals which is described below. : Geert Hofstede Model for comparison between Australia and China (Source: Geert-hofstede.com 2017) Effect of culture on individualism versus group orientation Individualism represents the scenario of the interdependence that is followed in these two nations. Kawar (2012) highlighted that evaluation of individualism is crucial for assessing the approach for maintaining the business team and self-image to fulfill the organization's objectives. In this context, Geert Hofstede model depicts that score in individualism represents, whether the people in a community desire to work collaboratively or individual (Minkov and Hofstede 2012). During this evaluation, it can also be assessed in which culture the people values their subordinates and family members more than an individual's effort. It is also mentioned in the previous assignment that high score in individualism resembles a culture where people values ones effort more than a combined effort of the family. The score attained by Australia in this context is 90 that signify that Australian people are relying more on the individual effort for attaining a certain goal (Geert-hofstede.com 2017). Sultana et al. (2013) also portray that in terms of organizational behavior, Australian leaders provide job responsibility and roles to the deserving people based on their merit, who shows extraordinary performance. On the other hand, China being scored only 20 signifies a strongly knitted culture, where people believes that combined effort always leads to a positive outcome (Geert-hofstede.com 2017). However, Kawar (2012) argues that, leaders often offer promotions and higher designation to those people, who are close to them. This leads to a controversial situation that is suitable people do not get desirable recognition in Chinese organization. Moreover, in the context of group orientation, Moran et al. (2014) depict that Chinese people prefer to work in a group. Whereas in Australia, group work is avoided until it is an obligation to follow. This is the prime reason that in Australian culture each working personnel accomplished their work according to their job roles and it represents the states of effective employee commitment (Chanlat et al. 2013). On the other hand, Minkov et al. (2013) highlight that in Chinese culture employees are less committed to their work and organization as the working of few employees will drive the entire group. Thus, Chinese managers utilize the Australian business culture of individualism so that effectiveness of the business culture can be enhanced. In Australian culture, leaders allow their subordinates to give suggestions regarding projects and thus each employee enjoys working with each other as they believe knowledge sharing always improves the competencies of an individual. However, th is procedure is not allowed in Chinese culture and they usually follow tried-and-test methods or a directed that is directed by their leaders. Thus, if we considered the definition of the group orientation defined by Taylor and Wilson (2012) that extent to which the individual enjoys and seeks to work with others resembles the group orientation, it can be concluded that group orientation in Australian business is effective compared to the Chinese business culture. Effect of culture on communications Thompson (2013) stated that culture directly affects business communication in both terms- verbal and non-verbal. Chanlat et al. (2013) moreover affirm by stating the cultural attitudes toward business will help businesspersons to communicate efficiently with people with other culture. On the other hand, Almond and Verba (2015) also depicts that if a person ignores the culture in business communication, it leads to the adversity like communication disruptions. It is also evident that if workers do not share the same understanding of goals, processes and expectations, business communication can be disrupted or misinterpreted. It is also stated by Moran et al. (2014) that business culture where people intends to work collaboratively if certain new business ideas are suddenly imposed on employees, there may be a lack of buy-in and the project will fail. Thus, if comparison for Australian and Chinese culture is considered, it is found that there is a lack of communication in Chinese culture. Thompson (2013) also depicts that in Australian culture, businessperson place high significance to the words and they regular communicate with their team members. Moreover, Australian people also promote technology to make their communication effective with their team member (Taylor and Wilson 2012). English is their official language and thus it provides them with an advantage to communicate with their business partners. On the other hand, Cavusgil et al. (2014) portray that Mandarin being the officiallanguage leads to the difficulty in direct communication. However, with the aid of a translator communication with the international market is accomplished. According to the Geert Hofstede model, it is noted that long-term orientation also defines the culture of a nation and this factor also impacts on the business proceedings. Linan et al. (2013) define that long-term orientation resembles a situation where people of a nation desires to hold their tradition to complete their present goals. Taken for instance, Chinese people do not prefer to say no as it causes both embarrassment and loss of face. On the other hand, Australian people are practical and they directly give the feedback even if the answer is not in favour of them. Another example that can be demonstrated here is that China has incorporated technology in their business after a long time than Australians as they prefer to accomplish things traditionally irrespective of the fact that with the use of technology their work will be completed fast than a conventional method. Cavusgil et al. (2014) also depict that Chinese people also lacks responsiveness and emotion as these people use a very limited amount of visual body language and westerners interpret. This may lead to a controversial impact on the international business partners; however, Australian people, however, keep a friendly and relaxing body language, which builds an effective interpersonal relation with the business partners (Thompson 2013). Australians also prefers humour in every aspect of life and they also dislike too much self-promotion during the business communication. Effect of culture on decision-making Popovic et al. (2012) explain that every people, who belong to different cultural backgrounds have different expectations along with their different norms and values. These expectations, norms and values influence their judgments and decisions power. This aspect can be described by explaining that if a person's cultural values traits like honesty and integrity, there will be a tendency for those people to follow ethical decision-making tactics (Kawar 2012). Moreover, Cavusgil et al. (2014) also define that apart from cultural norms and values, situational environmentalso drives the decision-making process. Ferrell and Fraedrich (2015) depict that in Chinese culture, business leaders utilises the concept of the centralized decision-making process that no subordinates are not allowed to make decisions. Leaders often directed their employee to work according to their orders. On the other hand, in Australian culture every personnel are allowed to take participation in decision making programs (Kawar 2012). Another aspect of the Chinese culture is that they take a decision depending on the information of a business or person as they consider these sources of individual power. Thus, Ford and Richardson (2013) stated that in Chinese culture a thing is judged on the basis of their documentary information while in Australian culture the performance and the experience of a person are more valued. Thus, this explanation shows that Chinese culture possesses a feminine culture and Australian culture is masculine in nature as Chinese businesspeople consider the factor of quality of life of their emp loyee while in Australia, valuing success and achievements is a major concern (Geert-hofstede.com 2017). Moreover, the nature for valuing the experience and traditional proceeding makes Chinese business-person not to trust on the coded data. They prefer to develop their own business approach by designing a new technology that makes it easier to achieve their objectives of activities. While on the other hand, Coenen et al. (2012) depict that in Australian culture they prefer to use new technology that is arrived in the market. Craft (2013) argues that even though adapting modern and recent technology in the business provides the organization with a competitive advantage; it has a negative consequence that Australian organizations have to change their working procedure according to the changing technology. Whereas, Chinese people designs their technology by considering the concept of long- term planning, which provides them accomplishing their business goals through their developed technology also in the future (Almond and Verba 2015). Autocratic versus delegated leadership A leadership style, where an individual take control over all decisions and little input from the group are considered is known as autocratic leadership traits (Bader 2015). It is also known as authoritarianleadership. Craft (2013) explains that in this case, leaders make choices based on their ideas and judgments and advice from followers are rarely accepted. On the contrary to the autocratic leadership, delegative leadership styles resembles a situation where decision-making power are hands-off to a group or other managing authorities for taking effective decisions. According to the previous analysis, it can be stated that Chinese culture autocratic leadership style is followed, while in the Australian culture, delegative leadership style in considered. In Chinese culture, leaders follow autocratic style for managing the business in their organization. Bader (2015) also portrays that subordinates are not allowed to interpret even if they found the destined rules to be ineffective. This is the major reason; Chinese leader faces difficulty in talent management in their organization, poor organizational climate and open innovation (Holbig 2013). As leaders have the tendency to direct their subordinates, finding talent according to their requirement is a huge issue for Chinese organization. These leaders rarely consider the changing technology and devoting a significant amount of time to raising capital rather that investing in talent management (Wang et al. 2012). Bader (2015) also highlights that tendency towards self-criticism is found in Chinese management trait. They provide rationales for decisions that denote a directive leadership style and on the other hand, they also communicate a sense of caring for their people that represen t the affiliative leadership style (Holbig 2013). However, they do not follow a participative leadership style. In Australia, the leaders also encourage their working personnel to take a business decision. Craft (2013) depicts that in order to accomplish this strategy, Australian leaders also initiates rewarding their employees for providing the best decision for the organization. According to the delegative leadership style factors like idealized attributes and behavior, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration, contingent reward, active management by exception and passive management by exception are considered in Australian Business (Holbig 2013). Moreover, these leaders emphasis on the supportiveness, social responsibility, competitiveness, emphasis on rewards, stability, performance orientation and innovation for encouraging the employee to participate in decision making processes (Wang et al. 2012). Craft (2013) furthermore depicts that Australian culture also emphasizes more on the diversity in the organization by recruiting people belonging from d ifferent culture so that they can get relevant ideas of other culture and implement in their working procedure so that every employee can sense equality; however, this aspect is not considered in the Chinese culture. Image 2: Mean scores of encouraging factors for employees in Australian culture (Source: Holbig 2013) Effect of culture on superior-subordinate relationships It is observed that culture in Australia always leaves a scope for one to become inspired. Compared to other cities, Australians have been observed to be putting more effort in the work to achieve the individual goals. Wiewiora et al. (2013) depict that Australians are very straightforward when it comes to business; thus, they do not need to form a relationship for a long time before doing the business with the parties. They could be receptive to new ideas. Additionally, it is also learnt that Australians exemplify modesty as much as they appreciate it. The people in Australia even could downplay the role of their own success; thereby, it is advisable not to jump into the conclusions straight away (Chhokar, Brodbeck and House 2013). For example, if an individual finds himself challenged to a controversial discussion during a business meeting, there is nothing to worry, as it would not be personal. They could find the debates entertaining as well as initiate them by making provocative statements or responding with humor. As the discussed earlier, people run after the achievement; thus, they believe in hard work and patience. For example, if an individual truthfully responds that has a lot on or he is finding it hard to deal with the workload. The people might think the individual is no capable or they could distance themselves. This example makes it evident that people in Australia tend to take the hurdle to achieve something bigger instead of the finding the alternatives. So, Australian values and intends to find such enthusiastic p eoples and relies on them when it comes to achieve the goals. It becomes easy for a manager of the organization to achieve bigger organizational goals when they have such enthusiastic people (Jones, Burke and Westman 2013). On the contrary, the culture is a big factor in China; it seems clear that in order to avoid striking out in China, Western organizations would be wise to hire the local skilled people (Holbig 2013). However, in order to attract the right talent, the companies must have to understand the how prospective Chinese employees tend to link to a domestic employer as well as their particular position (Kankaanranta and Lu 2013). It is observed that generalizations regarding vast, as well as dynamic countries could be at stake. For this particular thing, Chinese organizations differ based on whether they are state-owned, private firm or entirely private and autonomous. There is a considerable area of the communality, in Chinese approaches to culture. In addition to this, while Western organizations to prioritise fixed roles, strong branding, as well as detailed planning as well as the targets, the companies in China, are often less perspective as well as more adaptive. There is a different attitude towards the employment could arise from this culture. The major focus on people in Chinese employment is often at odds with the Western assumptions that work and personal life often remain as the difficult spheres that may not overlap (Witt and Redding 2013). In Chinese organisations, the managers typically know a lot of regarding the personal lives of the team members. Moreover, in the Western organization, one does not intrude himself on the private life of the team members, whereas, Chinese managers would know what is happening when it comes to his/her team members. Thus, for the purpose of teamwork and enhancement, the managers form an effective relationship with the team members to keep the balance between work and personal life. Effect of culture on managing teams Holbig (2013)portrays that when it comes to teamwork, like every Western country, the Australia first focuses on developing the diverse workplace. The diverse workplace often makes it easy to implement the desired communication for resolving any particular issue. As Australians are preferred work and achievement, they maintain certain principles. For personal and organisational objectives, people love to take work challenges. As put forward by Chaboyer et al. (2013), culture patterns at work could reflect the culture patter in wider society. Hence, the project managers tend to share the cultures of their society and their organizations with the project teams. For example, the project management techniques, as well as their training packages, have been enhanced almost exclusively in Australia. Moreover, the manager has the skill to communicate the "bad news" and manage the team performance. Although, the organizations in Australia prefer the employees based on their performance and skills, which are the benchmark for corporate success, there is always an effective relationship between the managers existing in each team (Holbig 2013). In order to build a friendly relationship with the employees, the managers use the colloquial words at the workplace in a humorous way. A diverse Australian workplace team usually operates to the homogenous team in with the communication style, the mix of mental models and values sets and a tendency towards the in the group and the out group behaviour as well as social categorization. As stated by Liu and Woywode (2013), all categorization all affect the way diverse team develop as well as functions. Thus, it can be mentioned that with the help of diverse workplace culture, open communication style and enthusiasm make it easy for the managers to manage and their performance. On the contrary, when it comes to managing the team, Chinese organizations and their leaders have become more close to their employees. The leaders rely on the open management style, where the employees come and discuss their issues with the senior managers. Likewise, the managers show the vested interest towards the personal lives of employees. Thus, the manager and the employee relationship are maintained as well as developed for the purpose of both organizational (Chaboyer et al. 2013). When it comes to managing team, the culture sensitivity calls for the ability and the skills of the managers to realise the viewpoint of those living in very different cultures as well as readiness to put them self in another individual' perspective. In addition to this, the foreign employee as the manager of the firm in China could benefit from understanding the nature, dimension as well as the variables of the particular culture. Conclusion There are nations of several cultural and traditional values across the world and every nation utilizes their cultural norm in making business in their state. It is also evident that every nation possesses some positive traits in their cultural values and that should be utilised for the betterment of their business. Two of these cultures that are considered in this business report are Australia and China. It is concluded from the Geert Hofstede model that Chinese culture follows a feminine culture, where caring for the quality of life of employees irrespective of their talent and experience is considered by the leaders. While on the other hand, in Australian culture, working ability of the personnel and talent for success and achievement are valued more and that represent a masculine culture. In addition to that long-orientation cultural values are followed in Chinese culture that is they prefers to hold their tradition for accomplishing their business proceedings; while Australian l eaders adopt modern technology and align their business working approach according to that. Moreover, Chinese culture emphasis on formulating their technology that they can use it in future also, which is a positive factor compared to the Australian, where they have to change their working process according to the changing technology. In addition to that, it is also concluded that in managing the business, leadership style also plays a crucial role. Chinese culture follows autocratic leadership style; whereas, in Australian culture, leader follows deligative or participative leadership style. The major difference between these two leadership styles is that in the former case, the managing authorities do not allow their subordinates to take participation in decision-making procedures; while in the latter case, low designation managing authorities and working personnel participate collaboratively to take effective decision for the business. References Almond, G.A. and Verba, S., 2015.The civic culture: Political attitudes and democracy in five nations. Princeton University Press. Bader, J., 2015. China, autocratic patron? An empirical investigation of China as a factor in autocratic survival.International Studies Quarterly,59(1), pp.23-33. Bian, Q. and Forsythe, S., 2012. Purchase intention for luxury brands: A cross cultural comparison.Journal of Business Research,65(10), pp.1443-1451. Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. and Rose, E.L., 2014.International business. Pearson Australia. Chaboyer, W., Chamberlain, D., Hewson-Conroy, K., Grealy, B., Elderkin, T., Brittin, M., McCutcheon, C., Longbottom, P. and Thalib, L., 2013. CNE article: safety culture in Australian intensive care units: establishing a baseline for quality improvement.American Journal of Critical Care,22(2), pp.93-102. Chanlat, J.F., Davel, E. and Dupuis, J.P., 2013.Cross-cultural management: culture and management across the world. Routledge. Chhokar, J.S., Brodbeck, F.C. and House, R.J. eds., 2013.Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Coenen, F.H.J.M., Huitema, D. and O'Toole Jr, L.J. eds., 2012.Participation and the quality of environmental decision making(Vol. 14). Springer Science Business Media. Craft, J.L., 2013. A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 20042011. Journal of Business Ethics, 117(2), pp.221-259. Ferrell, O.C. and Fraedrich, J., 2015.Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Ford, R.C. and Richardson, W.D., 2013. Ethical decision making: A review of the empirical literature. InCitation classics from the Journal of Business Ethics(pp. 19-44). Springer Netherlands. Geert-hofstede.com., 2017.Australia-China - Geert Hofstede. [online] Available at: https://geert-hofstede.com/australia.html [Accessed 3 Feb. 2017]. Holbig, H., 2013. Ideology after the end of ideology. China and the quest for autocratic legitimation.Democratization,20(1), pp.61-81. Jones, F., Burke, R.J. and Westman, M., 2013.Work-life balance: A psychological perspective. Psychology Press. Kankaanranta, A. and Lu, W., 2013. The evolution of English as the business lingua franca: Signs of convergence in Chinese and Finnish professional communication.Journal of Business and Technical Communication,27(3), pp.288-307. Kawar, T.I., 2012. Cross-cultural differences in management.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(6). Lin, F., Fernndez-Serrano, J. and Romero, I., 2013. Necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship: The mediating effect of culture.reviSta de economa mundial,33. Liu, Y. and Woywode, M., 2013. Light?Touch Integration of Chinese Cross?Border MA: The In?uences of Culture and Absorptive Capacity.Thunderbird International Business Review,55(4), pp.469-483. Minkov, M. and Hofstede, G., 2012. Hofstedes fifth dimension: New evidence from the World Values Survey.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,43(1), pp.3-14. Minkov, M., Blagoev, V. and Hofstede, G., 2013. The boundaries of culture: do questions about societal norms reveal cultural differences?.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,44(7), pp.1094-1106. Moran, R.T., Abramson, N.R. and Moran, S.V., 2014.Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Popovic, A., Hackney, R., Coelho, P.S. and Jakli?, J., 2012. Towards business intelligence systems success: Effects of maturity and culture on analytical decision making.Decision Support Systems,54(1), pp.729-739. Sultana, M., Rashid, M., Mohiuddin, M. and Mazumder, M.N.H., 2013. Cross-cultural management and organizational performance: A content analysis perspective. Taylor, M.Z. and Wilson, S., 2012. Does culture still matter?: The effects of individualism on national innovation rates.Journal of Business Venturing,27(2), pp.234-247. Thomas, D.C. and Peterson, M.F., 2014.Cross-cultural management: Essential concepts. Sage Publications. Thompson, J.B., 2013.Ideology and modern culture: Critical social theory in the era of mass communication. John Wiley Sons. Wang, C.L., Tee, D.D. and Ahmed, P.K., 2012. Entrepreneurial leadership and context in Chinese firms: a tale of two Chinese private enterprises.Asia Pacific Business Review,18(4), pp.505-530. Wiewiora, A., Trigunarsyah, B., Murphy, G. and Coffey, V., 2013. Organizational culture and willingness to share knowledge: A competing values perspective in Australian context.International Journal of Project Management,31(8), pp.1163-1174. Witt, M.A. and Redding, G., 2013. Asian business systems: Institutional comparison, clusters and implications for varieties of capitalism and business systems theory.Socio-Economic Review,11(2), pp.2

Principles of Parenting in Psychology

The Importance of respect in the military

The Importance of respect in the military Introduction The feeling of remorse that is bestowed upon a soldier during the playing of the Taps is derived from nothing other than respect for each other. Although in the army most occasions end with sad events, most feel a sense of respect for the fallen soldier who pays the ultimate sacrifice for the country.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of respect in the military specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most of the military customs and traditions are not held to this regard. However, we need to uphold our traditions and customs so that we do not lose the sense of pride and duty. This paper seeks to discuss the importance of respect in the military. Importance of respect Being a soldier in the army means understanding the Seven Core Army Values and living up to them. Some of these include respect, loyalty and honor. Having respect means treating someone as he or she should be treated. The people in the army are expected to treat each other with respect. They do this since they also expect others to do the same. Another ingredient for respect is self-respect. You cannot respect another if you do not respect yourself. This allows someone to put forth his or her best effort since the Army is a team and each member contributes to the greater goal. Respecting your fellow soldier means protecting him in all situations, covering his backside when required and clearing the path in order for him to complete the mission. This is because when that person completes the task, it equally means that you have completed yours. Therefore, respect in the army ensures that the jobs of both the seniors and the subordinates are done. Lack of respect in the Army may hinder development of effective leaders. This is usually accompanied with the lack of proper communication. Disrespect is observed when the seniors in the Army (such as the NCOs) fail to do what they were tasked to do and force other (subor dinate) officers to micromanage tasks. This is where seniors loose the trust of the subordinates. The best way to maintain relationships and respect in the Army is to focus on your task and maintain communication in all situations. This way there would be mutual respect and friendships that last for a lifetime would be fostered.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another reason why respect in the military is important is that it would ensure that the juniors (subordinates) are informed about the missions and its activities. This would empower them with responsibilities and show them that they are equally important to the team. Respect is also important because it instills confidence that the mission would be successful. This is especially the case when there is the respect of the soldiers of all ranks. The soldiers need to respect their peers, subordinates and seniors. Th is would require one to listen and pay soldiers the proper courtesy. This should be the case even when one does not like the other for any particular reason or the mission as a whole. This would ensure that the tasks are done and missions completed successfully. Conclusion The seven Code Army Values govern the soldiers in the Army. Respect is one of the values and it is important since it ensures harmony within the Army. Respecting the peers, subordinates and seniors is important to ensure that the work is done and that missions are completed successfully. Without respect in the army, there would not be any success.

Corporations and the Equal Protections Caluse Research Paper

Corporations and the Equal Protections Caluse - Research Paper Example In this paper, I will argue that the â€Å"equal protections† clause of the Fourteenth Amendment was incorrectly applied to corporations, and doing so has had disastrous implications. It is absolutely clear that the equal protection clause was meant to protect individuals, not corporations, from unequal treatment by states. Corporations and equal protection clause Many people are shocked when they first learn that corporations are considered legal persons, entitled to the same rights as the average citizen. Starting with Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co., the power of corporations has increased exponentially. Subsequent to Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co. in 1886, corporations were consistently granted greater power by the Supreme Court through the equal protection clause. â€Å"Equal protection as a legal concept is the idea that individuals should be treated in the same manner as other individuals in similar circumstances†(Equal pr otection, n. d). However, the courts adopted different standards while dealing with equal protection clauses with respect to individuals and corporations, which include strict scrutiny, intermediate scrutiny, and the rational basis test etc. This is purely because of the rise of corporate power. Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Company, 118 U.S. ... The above right was already given to the individuals and Southern Pacific Railroad Company argued that they also have the same right just like the individuals and they refused to pay taxes under the new legislature. Southern Pacific Railroad Company sought protection under the Fourteenth Amendment. One of the points made and discussed at length in the brief of counsel for defendants in error was that "corporations are persons within the meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States." Before argument, MR. CHIEF JUSTICE WAITE said: "The Court does not wish to hear argument on the question whether the provision in the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution which forbids a state to deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws applies to these corporations. We are all of opinion that it does "(SANTA CLARA COUNTY V. SOUTHERN PACIFIC R. CO., 118 U. S. 394 (1886), 2011). In other words, court upheld the arguments of Southern Pac ific Railroad Company and declared its verdict in favor of the company. Organizations or corporations are entities which might be created for the purpose of doing business making profits. They are doing so at the expense of the interests of the people or the individuals. In other words, corporations are exploiting the community resources for making profits and it is their duty to pay tax to the government for such exploitation of natural resources. Governments have the moral and legal responsibility of working for the interests of the individuals. Individuals have limited capacity to exploit the natural resources compared to the abilities of corporation.

Democracies around the World Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Democracies around the World - Coursework Example & Nishikawa, 2006), a combination of the two can be used to create harmony between different sections of the society and represent a greater number of the people. Different sectors of the economy and the government have been proved to be dependent on each other through the complex processes that link a government to its governed (John & Cole, 2000). In a similar fashion, the different forms of the government are linked to each other. This can help in greater coordination between the different sectors of the governments and better distribution of responsibilities. With a greater number of people to look into affairs of the state, it would be possible for them to be dealt with in a better way. In the model of government that exists in South Africa, the parliament and the president have different sets of responsibilities. The parliament assumes the legislative function f the government and makes laws regarding the functioning of the state. It consists of the National Assembly and the National Council of Provinces. The legislature is thus, a bicameral one that provides representation to the different parts of South Africa (Chapter 4 – Parliament, 2009). The president and other members of the cabinet are members of the legislature and need to be elected members. The president is usually the leader of the party that is able to win a majority of the seats in the parliament. The importance of the election is thus, paramount. This reveals to one the democratic nature of the governments that have come up in South Africa after the era of apartheid was over. The president has the powers to ask of the parliament to reconsider certain decisions that it has made. He or she also possesses the power to implement the acts and the decisions that are made by the parliament and thus, the president assumes the executive power of the government. The president, along with the other members of the cabinet, is the connecting link between the executive and the legislative (Chapter 5 -

Building Background and Comprehensible Input Essay

Building Background and Comprehensible Input - Essay Example It is important to acknowledge that teachers must meet the needs of English learners while addressing the needs of the mainstream student. This is quite a task but one that is possible to tackle. This lecture will address strategies that are essential for English learners to acquire content knowledge and improve academic language proficiency but these strategies will be beneficial to all learners. The lessons: Building Background and Comprehensible Input are both very good tools for teaching students especially those who are at the "maturing" stage. However, as both are being asked to be rated, the verdicts are as of follows: Comprehensible Input lesson received a 95% while Building Backgrounds received 100%. Now, as for the explanations; taking into consideration all the aspects of teaching and learning, the first topic which was Building Backgrounds received the perfect score because it is the root of all the teaching and learning process that transfer from one teacher to the student. Without this, all the effort that the professor gives out will be futile. Building Backgrounds is what its title says; making a sturdy base for the learning of the students. As the description goes, it is important for teachers to consciously incorporate techniques for students to acquire content knowledge and vocabulary content simultaneously. The Comprehensible Input or what you call the dig estive system of the mind is the result of a very good lesson planning. A very well thought-of lesson will stay in the minds of the students for a very long time and it may possibly be their pushing force of the thing that drives them most. It may be hard at first but thinking of lesson plans is actually easy if professors include the students in thinking up ideas for the lesson plan. With this, the students will be able to participate in the decision-making of their classes and thus, be motivated in studying and listening more to the studies because they are the ones who have thought of it in the first place. The Comprehensible Input on the other hand, is solely based on the process of Building Backgrounds. The students will not simply absorb the lessons if the structure of the topic is not attractive and barely retainable in the minds or the students. What is needed here is that the lessons should be highly retainable in terms that the students will remember it for the longest time and that it will be embedded in their minds and will be used for their future. Now, that is the purpose why students are being placed in an institution called, schools and universities. So that in times when the parents can no longer support the growing years of their children, the schools will be there to maintain the foundation that was set up by the family. So in other words, the school becomes the second home of the children. As for the effectiveness of each lesson, it has been established in the previous paragraphs the importance and the uses of the said lessons. However, as have been discussed, only one lesson

Carbon Mesoporous Material Hybrid Catalyst

Carbon Mesoporous Material Hybrid Catalyst Facile and clean transformation for synthesizing secondary arylamines through one-pot reductive amination of aniline, using aldehyde catalyzed by the supported nickel and poly(vinyl sulfonic acid) on mesoporous carbon CMK-3 (Ni/PVSA/CMK-3) as a novel acid-metal bi-functional heterogeneous catalyst. Sodium borohydride was used as the source of hydrogen for the reduction of imine. The reaction was performed at room temperature, in a short reaction time, without any by-products. Various characterization techniques including FT-IR, XRD, TG, BET, SEM, TEM, DRS-UV and AAS were employed to reveal the relationship between catalyst nature and catalytic performance. Reaction results demonstrate that the optimized Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 catalyst shows comparable catalytic performance thanks to the nickel metals and the acidic nature of polymer in mesopore channels of CMK-3. This method has several advantages such as, eco-friendly (used water as solvent), moderate to high yields, simple work-up procedure and catalyst filtered easily and reused without obvious loss of activity. 1. Introduction Nowadays, amines are privileged in industry that have found prevalent applications as intermediates for pharmaceuticals, biologically active compounds, rubber, solvents, fine chemicals, dyes, herbicides, and in the manufacture of detergents and plastics. Reductive amination demonstrate one of the most versatile and convenient methods of amine synthesis. This reaction has two steps including formation of an imine during reaction between primary amine and a carbonyl substrate, and reduction of the imine with adequate hydride source. There are two detached approaches for the reductive amination: the direct approach, which uses the in situ-generated imine, and the indirect approach, which uses the prior isolated imine. The former approach has several advantages such as one-pot procedure, increasing yields, having simple setup, easily separated from the product, being stable and compatible reagents, and the mild reaction conditions. To this end, over the past decades, researchers have been reported several studies on reductive amination reaction with several different catalysts, which among them, heterogeneous catalysis are prominent than homogenous catalysis owing to separate and recover capabilities. Moreover, it has been proven that accomplish this reaction needs two character including metallic and acidic; consequently, bi-functional heterogeneous catalysts are useful in this reaction. Recently, several metal nanoparticles acted as a hydride transfer such as Pt, Ni, Cu, and Pd. Despite of the fact that an effective control of particle size and a uniform distribution of nanoparticles in catalytic applications are generally predicted, nanoparticles typically accumulate together in bulk-like materials that hardly reduce selectivity and the activity of catalysts. To overcome with this problem, mesoporous silica, zeolites, polymers or macromolecular organic ligands have been used in order to immobilize metal nanoparticles in their pores. Mesoporous silica materials and zeolites have excellent order and surface area than other materials like polymer and etc.; subsequently, they are sufficient for catalysis approaches. Lately, mesoporous silica used for producing mesoporous carbon (CMK-n) as hard template. These materials contain several benefits compared to mesoporous silica and zeolites for instance, high mechanical stability, high thermal stability in nitrogen atmosphere, superb stability in strong acids and bases, and other engrossing properties such as narrow pore size distributions, high surface areas, and ordered frameworks. In addition, mesoporous carbon materials have hydrophobic nature on their surfaces and it helps to embed nanopolymers in their pores. In our previous studies, it asserts that when polymer embedded into mesoporous materials, they have perfect function. Owing to the fact that they have small particles and subsequently having high surface areas. Moreover, polymer nanoparticles fix in porous and they could not leach from their supporters. Accordingly, in this work, we will introduce a novel heterogeneous organic hybrid catalyst based on a carbon mesoporous material. In this circumstance, mesoporous carbon CMK-3 replicating from mesoporous silica SBA-15 was prepared and used as suitable support for Nickel nanoparticle/poly vinyl sulfonic acid/CMK-3 (Ni/PVSA/CMK-3). Furthermore, the catalyst was used effectively for the one-pot reductive amination of amine compounds using aldehyde in the presence of a small amount of NaBH4 as a mild reducing agent and two sort of solvent containing water and acetonitrile at room temperature without any by-products. 2. Experimental method 2.1. Catalyst characterization The samples have been analyzed by FT-IR spectroscopy (using a PerkinElmer 65 in KBr matrix in the range of 4000-400 cm-1). The thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) data were obtained by a Setaram Labsys TG (STA) in a temperature range of 30-650 -C and heating rate 10 -C min-1 in nitrogen atmosphere. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) of the catalyst was carried out on a Bruker D8Advance X-ray diffractometer using nickel filtered Cu KÃŽ ± radiation at 40 kV and 20 mA. The BET specific surface areas and BJH pore size distribution of the samples were determined by adsorption-desorption of nitrogen at liquid nitrogen temperature, using a Series BEL SORP 18. For the measurement of nickel, a Perkin Elmer AAnalyst 300 atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used. The slit width, linear range and wave length for Ni were 0.2 nm, 2 and ppm232 nm, respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies were performed on Philips, XL30, SE detector. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observati ons were performed on a JEOL JEM.2011 electron microscope at an accelerating voltage of 200.00 kV using EX24093JGT detector in order to obtain information on the size of nickel nanoparticles and the DRS UV-vis spectra were recorded with JASCO spectrometer, V-670 from 190 to 2700 nm. Moreover, X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) was recorded on ESCA SSX-100 (Shimadzu) using a non-monochromatized Mg KÃŽ ± X-ray as the excitation source. The products were characterized by 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra (Bruker DRX-500 Avance spectrometer at 500.13 and 125.47 MHz, respectively). Melting points were measured on an Electrothermal 9100 apparatus and they were uncorrected. All the products were known compounds and they were characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. All melting points are compared satisfactorily with those reported in the literature. 2.2. Catalyst preparation The employed mesoporous carbon (CMK-3) was synthesized following the method reported by Ryoo using SBA-15 as template. 2.2.1. Preparation of SBA-15 Mesoporous silica SBA-15 was prepared using block copolymer Pluronic P123 (EO20PO70EO20) template as a structure directing agent and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as the silica precursor through the addition of H3PO4 by novel method as described in the literature. In a general synthesis, Pluronic P123 (2 g) was dissolved at room temperature in deionized water (75.4 mL) and H3PO4 (4.2 mL, 85%), after that TEOS (4.6 mL) was added to the solution and synthesis was fulfilled by stirring at 35 -C for 24 h in sealed Teflon breakers, and it was consequently placed at 100 -C for 24 h. Afterwards, the solution was filtered, washed with deionized water, and lastly dried at 95 -C for 12 h in air. Template removal was accomplished by calcination in air using two successive steps; first heating at 250 -C for 3 h and then at 550 -C for 4 h. 2.2.2. Preparation of CMK-3 Mesoporous carbon CMK-3 was prepared using mesoporous silica SBA-15 as template and sucrose as the carbon precursor. 1.0 g SBA-15 was added to 5 mL aqueous solution containing 1.25 g (3.65 mmol) sucrose and 0.14 g (1.42 mmol) of H2SO4 (98%). The resulting mixture was heated in an oven at 100 -C for 6 h and next 160 -C for another 6 h. In order to obtain entirely polymerized sucrose inside the pores of the SBA-15 template, 5 mL aqueous solution containing 0.8 g (2.33 mmol) sucrose and 0.09 g (0.917 mmol) of H2SO4 were added again, and the mixture was subjected to the thermal treatment described above one more time. Then, it was carbonized under nitrogen gas flow at 900 -C for 6 h with a heating rate of 5 -C min-1. Finally, the resulting solid was washed with 1 M NaOH solution (50 vol. % ethanol-50 vol. % H2O) twice to remove the silica template, filtered, washed with ethanol until pH = 7, and dried at 100 -C for 4 h. 2.2.3. Preparation of Poly(vinyl sulfonic acid)/CMK-3 2.2.4. Preparation of Ni nanoparticle-poly(vinyl sulfonic acid)/CMK-3 At first, Vinylsulfonic acid sodium was converted into its acidic form using the ion exchange resin (Amberjet 1200 H, 2 equiv. L-1, Aldrich). Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 was synthesized as follows: in the first place, 1 mL aqueous solution of NiCl2.6H2O (0.5 M) was added to the obtained PVSA/CMK-3 (0.1 g) together with 3 mL of H2O. The mixture was heated for 5 h at 353 K. Next, the solution of NaBH4 [0.057 g (1.5 mmol)] dissolved in 5 mL methanol was added to the mixture drop by drop in 20-30 min. Then, the solution was stirred for 3 h. After that, adding the same amount of NaBH4 was repeated and again the mixture was stirred for 3 h. Consequently, the solution was filtered and washed sequentially with deionized water and methanol to remove excess NaBH4 and NiCl2, and was dried in room temperature to yield Ni/PVSA/CMK-3. The Ni content of the catalyst was estimated by decomposing. Known amount of the catalyst by perchloric acid, nitric acid, fluoric acid, hydrochloric acid, and the Ni content was estimated by atomic absorption spectrometer. The Ni content of Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 estimated by atomic absorption spectrometer was 2.1 mmol g−1. 2.3. General procedure for one-pot reductive amination of aldehydes. A mixture of Aniline (2 mmol) and benzaldehyde (2 mmol) in water or acetonitrile (3 mL) was placed in a round bottom flask and stirred for 1 min at room temperature. Afterward, to the resulting mixture, Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 (0.04 g) and NaBH4 (6 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature until TLC showed the complete disappearance of the benzaldehyde. Then, the reaction mixture was quenched with water (10 mL) and the product was extracted with diethylether (2 10 mL). After they finished, the organic phase was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. In the end, the products were obtained very pure just by extract with diethylether in the majority of the reactions. The product was identified with a melting point, FT-IR spectroscopy techniques, 1HNMR and 13CNMR. 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Catalyst characterization Figure 1 shows the FTIR spectra of CMK-3 (a), PVSA/CMK-3 (b) and Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 (c). A broad band at around 3380-3470 cm−1 was observed in all samples. The O-H stretching vibration of the adsorbed water molecules mainly caused it. Moreover, in the CMK-3 spectrum, there are not any signals belong to organic bonds, resulting from the complete carbonization of sucrose (Fig. 1a). The presence of a new absorption bands at 1041 and 1186 cm-1 attributed to the S=O group of PVS, affirming the existence of the grafted PVSA chains on the CMk-3. In addition, the band at about 1650 cm-1 is attributed to adsorbed water, which is similar to related reports[]. The presence of peaks at around 2940 cm−1 and 1450 cm−1 correspond to the aliphatic C-H stretching and bending in PVSA/CMK-3, respectively (Fig. 2b). The appearance of the above bands shows that PVSA has been attached into mesoporous of CMK-3 and the synthesis of PVSA/CMK-3 has been successful. The profiles of thermogravimetric analysis of PVSA/CMK-3 and Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 under nitrogen atmosphere are shown in Fig. 2. The degradation of Poly(vinyl-sulfonic acid) commences at 150C and this stage continues to a little less than 300C. The next stage involves only a little degradation and occurs over the temperature range of 300 to 500C. These evidence are shown Poly(vinyl-sulfonic acid) cannot tolerant the temperature due to polymers are not protect by any supporter. The TGA curves of PVSA/CMK-3 shows a small mass loss (around 5%, w/w) in the temperature range of 100-330 -C, which is apparently associated with degradation of SO2 and ethylene from PVSA (Fig. 2). At temperatures above 330 -C, PVSA shows one main stage of degradation. The mass loss for PVSA in the second step is equal to 11.5% (w/w) which correspond to the degradation of the methane. In light of the difference between the PVSA and PVSA/CMK-3 curves, it is clear that PVSA/CMK-3 has higher thermal stability and slower degradation rate than PVSAP. Hence, after hybridization, the thermal stability is enhanced significantly that is beneficial for the catalyst application. In addition, Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 shows two separate weight loss steps that are almost similar to the PVSA/CMK-3. The only difference is temperature between 330 and 445 C, which Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 shows slower degradation rate than PVSA/CMK-3 in these range. It asserts that the hybrid Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 had higher thermal stability than PVSA/CMK-3. It may be related to the presence of Nickel nanoparticles in the composite structure. Consequently, it is proper thermal stability is boosted after hybridization because of intense the catalyst application. Figure 1 shows the powder XRD patterns of SBA-15, CMK-3, PVSA/CMK-3 and Ni/PVSA/CMK-3. The low angle diffraction pattern of SBA-15 shows three reflections at 2à Ã‚ ´ values from 0.5 to 2 ° including one strong peak at (100) and two weak peaks at (110) and (200), which corresponds to the well-known ordered arrangement of SBA-15 in the space group p6mm of 2-D hexagonal symmetry. The silica SBA-15 used as template to synthesis CMK-3. As can be seen, the XRD pattern of CMK-3 show three diffraction peaks at 2à Ã‚ ´ = 1.04 °, 1.79 ° and 2.05 ° (Fig. 3b). It could be marked to (100), (110) and (200) diffractions of the 2D hexagonal space group p6mm, which is compatible with previous articles. After polymerization by poly (vinyl sulfonic acid), the X-ray diffraction of PVSA/CMK-3 shows the same pattern with CMK-3. This evidence indicates that the structure of the CMK-3 was retained after the polymerization (Fig. 3c). Albeit, the intensity of the characteristic reflection peaks of the PVSA/CMK-3 is found to be diminished (Fig. 1b). Composite contains less CMK-3 due to the dilution of the carbon material by PVSA; subsequently, this dilution can be responsible for a decrease in the peak intensity. By the way, the XRD patterns of CMK-3 and PVSA/CMK-3 are almost similar to SBA-15, which it shows CMK-3 is a accurate replica of the mesoporous silica SBA-15 and the polymerization process does not damage the structure of CMK-3. After immobilize nickel in the PVSA/CMK-3, Ni peak cannot be seen in XRD since the homogeneity of Ni particles in the Ni/PVSA/CMK-3, and it lonely shows an amorphous pattern at 2ÃŽ ¸ values of about 44ËÅ ¡ (Fig. 3, inside). In order to demonstrate the e xistence of Ni nanoparticles in the Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 catalyst was exposed to temperature (400ËÅ ¡C). Meanwhile, amorphous Ni changed to crystalline and appear a peak with low intensity at 2ÃŽ ¸ = 44.29ËÅ ¡, which can be attributed to the small size of nickel nanoparticles and the plane (111) of fcc nickel. Eventually, after immobilize the nickel nanoparticles on composite, structure has not changed and it is represented a successful synthesis of the catalyst. The specific surface area, pore volume and the pore size of the CMK-3, PVSA/CMK-3 and Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 samples are summarized in Table 1. All samples exhibit a type IV adsorption isotherm with an H1 hysteresis loop by capillary condensation at relative pressure around 0.3-0.7 (Fig. 4). It is clear in table 1 that the PVSA/CMK-3 and Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 exhibits a smaller specific surface area, and pore volume in comparison to those of pure CMK-3. Thanks to the successful incorporation of the poly(vinyl sulfonic acid) into the mesoporous carbon. As can be seen, pore diameter increases in the PVSA/CMK-3 and Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 in comparison to CMK-3. This evidence shows the incorporation and growth of hyperbranched polymers and consequently produces the pressure (physical pressure on the wall of the channels) inside the CMK-3 mesoporous. By adding Ni nanoparticles into the PVSA/CMK-3, the specific surface area and pore volume decrease, asserting that nickel nanoparticles are located inside the pores o f the CMK-3. In spite of the fact that there are significant decreases in the pore volume and surface area, the pores of Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 were not blocked by deposition of the hyperbranched homopolymer and nickel nanoparticles. Moreover, the BJH pore size distribution curves of the PVSA/CMK-3 and Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 are exhibited a narrow pore size distribution (Fig. 5). It clarifies that the homopolymer and nickel nanoparticles are satisfactory distributed on the channels of the Ni/PVSA/CMK-3. This result is agreement with TEM analysis and shows the effective role of the hyperbranched polymer to entrap and uniformly disperse nickel nanoparticles. , , Fig. 6 gave the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photographs of CMK-3 and PVSA/CMK-3 and Ni/PVSA/CMK-3. All the SEM images are shown rod-like morphology, which is attributed to carbon mesoporous. Although, virtually no significant differences observe in surface morphology between CMK-3 and PVSA/CMK-3, it is obvious that after hybridization the surface of CMK-3 is become coarser; indicating the most of polymerization of PVSA occurred in the pores of CMK-3, which was also supported by the decrease in surface area and pore volume as shown in Table 1. In addition, by immobilizing Ni nanoparticles, several spherical beads are seen on the mesoporous carbon. However, most of them are incorporated inside the carbon mesoporous structure, which is not observable in the SEM images. It is necessary to mention that after loading nickel nanoparticles on the surface of CMK-3, the structure of the mesoporous carbon is remained. Moreover, XRD analysis and TEM images confirmed this claim. The PVSA/CMK-3 and Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 were inspected by means of TEM micrographs technique (Fig. 7). The ordered hexagonal p6mm mesostructure of PVSA/CMK-3 and Ni/PVSA/CMK- 3 can be seen, indicating after polymerization and incorporation of PVSA and Ni nanoparticles, the ordered structure of mesoporous carbon is retained. Additionally, the places with darker contrast could be assigned to the presence of Pd particles with different distribution (Fig. 7c-d). As can be seen, the small dark spots could be ascribed to nickel nanoparticles with ∠¼X nm average diameter, presumably located into the mesoporous channels. On the other hand, larger dark spots are shown in fig. 7 c-d, which are corresponded to Ni nanoparticles agglomerate on the external surface with average diameter of ∠¼5-10 nm. Fig. 8 shows the DRS-UV of PVSA/CMK-3 and Ni/PVSA/CMK-3. previous reports were proven that DRS-UV of the cationic nickel have only d-d transitions peaks including 3T1g(P)↠3A2g (F) (368 nm) and 3T1g (F)↠3A2g (F) (576 nm), which these two peak do not show in Ni/PVSA/CMK-3. Moreover, the DRS-UV of Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 shows feature bands around 205 nm and 330 nm, which are attributed to the presence of Ni nanoparticles in these samples. By comparing these data, it can be found that cationic nickels are converted to the nickel nanoparticles by reduction of NaBH4. 3.2. Catalytic activity Synthesized nanocomposite was characterized by different methods in the former section. This section is introduced the application of this bi-functional catalyst to the reductive amination reaction. During two decade, enormous investigation devoted to develop environmental friendly synthesis. Since, using water as a reaction medium in transition metal-catalyzed processes is one of the most essential goal of sustainable chemistry. Water is nontoxic solvent, readily available, an inexpensive, nontoxic solvent and non-inflammable. It provides privilege over organic solvents from an environmental and an economic aspect. Accordingly, the effect of several parameters on the one-pot tandem reductive amination of aldehydes with aniline over Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 as acid-metal bifunctional catalyst was perused in water at room temperature and the outcome are as follows: At the first monitoring of experiments, diverse amounts of NiCl2.6H2O were tested to identify the effect of nickel nanoparticles concentration on the reductive amination reaction. Hence, the amount of NiCl2.6H2O to prepare Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 was changed from 1 mmol/g to 15 mmol/g and then measured by the Atomic Absorption spectroscopy technique (AAS) which are shown in Table 2. It is clear that the activity of catalytic steadily improved by increasing NiCl2.6H2O form 1 mmol/g to 5 mmol/g. According to the catalytic reaction mechanism, nickel nanoparticle mediated electron transfer from BH4- ion to the imine intermediates (Scheme 1). Subsequently, the amounts of H- sites on the catalyst surface are grown by increasing nickel nanoparticles. Thus, larger amount of hydrides can be transferred to the imine groups through the catalyst. On the other hand, by further increasing the amount of NiCl2.6H2O (more than 5 mmol/g), the catalytic activity was diminished, which can be attributed to after a certain amount of nickel chloride increases, a larger amount of nanoparticles is loaded on the surface of the CMK-3 that may have caused the mesopore channels to narrow. In Fact, the nanoparticle size will increase by increasing the amount of NiCl2.6H2O. Therefore, in some places, the pore size will narrow and it is able to lessen the rate of reactants diffusion into the porous. In one word, lower performance of the catalyst produced with higher NiCl2.6H2O concentration will be anticipated. Despite of this fact, it does not mean the pores are throughout clogged. According to these results, the catalyst provided by 5 mmol/g NiCl2.6H2O presented the best catalytic activity. To identify the effect of NaBH4 amount (as a hydride donor) on the reductive amination the reaction was carried out using various amounts of NaBH4 in the presence of Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 as catalyst. As shown in Table 3, the yield was increased by increasing the amount of NaBH4 (until 6 mmol). The excess values did not have any effect on the reaction. Therefore, 6 mmol NaBH4 was the best value to perform reductive amination reaction. The influence of the solvent on catalytic activity was investigated in the reductive amination reaction using Ni-PVSA/CMK-3 catalyst and NaBH4 as hydride donor, at room temperature. The results are gathered in Table 4. Four vital factor acts to fulfil reductive amination reaction including dielectric constant, dipole moment, solubility in NaBH4, hydrophobic effect, protic and aprotic solvent effect. The results revealed that the reaction time in ethanol solvent is slow due to NaBH4 hardly solving in ethanol and the reaction rate is tardy. In addition, the reaction rate in water solvent is slow because although dielectric constant and solubility of water in NaBH4 is high, carbon mesoporous CMK-3 have hydrophobic nature. It causes substances and catalyst cannot have perfect interaction together. The hydrophobic nature of acetonitrile and oxolane are higher than other solvent that presented above; thus, these two solvent have more similarity to hydrophobic nature of CMK-3. Moreover, dipole moment of acetonitrile is higher than other solvent. Thanks to this feature, the reaction rate increase. Whereas the methanol solvent has mediate circumstance of dielectric constant, solubility in NaBH4, and hydrophobic effect aspect, the reaction time diminish. It is noteworthy to mention that the combination of all these factors together cause this process. Regarding these situation, water and acetonitrile were finally selected as the solvent for the reaction because of their environmental friendly and highly efficient, respectively; and all other optimization and reaction separately accomplished by these two solvent. The effect of the amount of catalyst was defined for reductive amination reaction (Table 5). Due to the fact, the catalyst synthesized is worthy, it is decided that the amount of catalyst optimize by decreasing down to the 0.04 g, nevertheless the reaction time were increased. However, reducing the amount of catalysts until 0.02 g was not sufficient. Since, the quantity of 0.04 g for both solvent was found to be the best weight of catalyst. The reusability of the catalyst was studied by using Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 in water and acetonitrile solvent (Chart 1). After each cycle, the catalyst was filtered off, washed with water (10 mL) and ethanol (3 mL 5 mL). After that, catalyst dried at 60 ËÅ ¡C and reused in the reductive amination reaction with a fresh reaction substances. It might be noted that after each run, a slight amount of the catalysts were lost in the filtration process. Herein, to overcome this problem, after each experiment the amount of remaining catalyst was specified and the molar ratio of the reactants was adjusted according to the remaining amount of the catalyst. The catalyst was reused up to 5 times. The catalyst that react in acetonitrile solvent have serious loss activity. In further investigation, it recognized that the catalyst used in acetonitrile solvent was somewhat destroyed. It can be attributed to the interaction between acetonitrile as a solvent and PVSA/CMK-3 composite. In other cases, not o nly the reusability of the catalyst that performed in water was adequate, but also the catalyst exhibit high stability in this status. This result obtained by SEM and XRD characterization, which can be seen in Figure 9 and 10. As shown in SEM images of reused catalyst in water as reaction solvent is well retained, which is very essential for the catalyst applications. Similarly, the XRD pattern shows a diffraction peak at low angle (1.04 °). It display that the catalyst structure remain. Because of this fact that the reusability in the heterogeneous catalysts is fundamental, water in reductive amination reaction chosen as a compatible solvent. The catalytic activity of the Ni/PVSA/CMK-3 in the reductive amination was compared with CMK-3, PVSA/CMK-3, and without a catalyst. The results are available in Table 6. The consequences affirm the significance role of the acid-metal heterogeneous catalyst in sort of reaction. As shown, the reaction dose not fulfil up to 5% without catalyst. There is the important issue that NaBH4 function as a mild hydride donor agent, which is incapable reagent for reducing imine groups solely. In a similar manner, this result obtained by using CMK-3 due to the fact that mesoporous carbon CMK-3 does not have any active sites to carry out the reaction. By using the PVSA/CMK-3, with improve acidic feature of the mesoporous carbon the carbonyl group activated and thus the yield moderately increased to 40% and 35% in acetonitrile and water solvent, respectively. In addition, using Ni/PVSA/CMK-3, the reaction efficiency was increased to 97% in 35 and 63 min in acetonitrile and water solvent, respectivel y; Because of the role of nickel nanoparticles as species to transfer hydride ions from NaBH4 to imine groups. The interesting point in catalyst investigation is heterogeneous nature. In this regard, the catalyst was separated from the reaction mixture at approximately 50% conversion of the starting substances by filtration and then centrifugation. The reaction progress in the filtrate circumstance was monitored (data not shown). No further reductive amination reaction occurred even at addition times, representing that the nature of reaction process is heterogeneous and there is not any progress for the reaction in homogeneous phase.

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The impact that athletics has had on my Life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The impact that athletics has had on my life is everything. It made me a better person. For example it made me to be more responsible, focus, and more determined to accomplish my goals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ever since I became being an athlete I’ve learned that there’s responsibility. And one of them is being responsible for me and me only. I have to watch what I do and who I hang around with because hanging with the wrong people can mess up my opportunities an athlete. But it’s more than that; it’s also being responsible inside the classroom. Taking care of my grades and doing my work.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Being an athlete it made me more focus of what I do. For example, it makes me focus in the classroom, so I will be able to get good grades. Getting good grades keeps me focused because I want to get an academics scholarship than an athletic scholarship. Don’t get me wrong I would be happy if I got an athletic scholarship but I just prefer an academic scholarship. What also keep me focus are coaches help keep me focused as well. Player who gets a grade lower than a B   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moss Has to jump a bench. This bench is about 3ft long and very wide with sharp corners. And the coaches determine how many you jump by how many points that you’re away from a B. For example, say if I got a 70 he would make jump a hundred because I was ten points off from getting a B.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As an athlete I’m determined to accomplish my goals. Those goals are to go to a college with my academic or my athletic abilities and to be successful in my life.

Phenomenology and the sociology of knowledge Essay

Phenomenology can both be understood to be a discipline and a movement in the history of philosophy. As a discipline, Phenomology can be defined to be the study of structures of experience and consciousness. Ontology, epistemology, logic and ethics are other disciplines which are related to Phenomology though they are distinct (Schulz, Wagner, 1997). In a different perspective, Phenomology can be defined as a historical movement which was launched by great thinkers such as Edmund Husserl among others in the 20th century. Phenomenology and social science Common theories present in social science are based in the real world. This leads to my conviction that phenomenological research can be used in the future studies of some methods which are in use in social science. Phenomenology can further be used in social science to facilitate the understanding of some phenomenon’s which are often taken for granted. For instance, man is assumed to be social being and language and communication systems do exist. Methods in social science fail to address why there is mutual understanding and communication and why men are motivated by certain experiences. Moreover, the social science methods fail to describe the underlying assumption and their implications in the interpretation of social interrelationship (Collins, 1998). All these can only be addressed through philosophical analysis which Husserl referred to as phenomenological philosophy. Phenomenology can also be used to bring meaning and insights to the study of grief, anxiety and pain which are some social issues which affect the very existence of man. Through phenomenology, social scientists can account and analytically describe the acts of intentional consciousness. Finally, phenomenology creates a bridge for the phenomenological sociology which provides an understand ding of the formal structures common in everyday day life. Sociology of knowledge Sociology of knowledge refers to the study of the social sources of knowledge and its impact on the society. In the study, knowledge is assumed to be a cultural product which can only be understood in the social context of its origin. The study is important to Collins in that it provides an explanation to most of the philosophical ideas which exist. In his book, he asserts that great and philosophical ideas are only produced through interaction between humans whose construction relies on the social structure of the intellectual world. Through the sociology of knowledge, Collins is able to explain that the rationalization process of Western, Indian and Asian philosophies has only been achieved through conceptual framework and social knowledge. He uses the sociology of knowledge to explain that social processes have an explanation as to why what is said to whom which he calls the sociology of thinking (Geoffrey, 2003). He also asserts that through the sociology of knowledge one is in a capacity to predict the conversation between two individuals if only their characteristics and the emotional synergies are known. He further uses the sociology of knowledge to explain how it is possible to predict the thinking process of an individual. Though thinking is an internalized conversation, Collins asserts that what we think is often a reflection of what we write on paper or we talk with other people. Collins believes that emotional energy and what we anticipate for the future determines our thinking process (Collins, 1998). Finally, the sociology of knowledge has enable Collins to describe the philosophical transformations which have been achieved in modern Europe, Japan and china. References Collins, R. (1998). The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory Of Intellectual Change Harvard University press, USA ISBN 0-674-00187-7 Geoffrey, L. (2003). Modern Philosophy. London: Routledge Schulz, A. & Wagner, H. (1997). On Phenomenology and Social Relations: Selected Writings. University of Chicago press. London ISBN 0-226-74153-2

4 Punctuation Marks for Forming Appositive Phrases

4 Punctuation Marks for Forming Appositive Phrases 4 Punctuation Marks for Forming Appositive Phrases 4 Punctuation Marks for Forming Appositive Phrases By Mark Nichol An appositive phrase extends a sentence by adding more information in apposition (meaning â€Å"related to† or â€Å"juxtaposed with†) to a word or phrase preceding it. This post describes how to use each of four forms of punctuation to extend a sentence by adding an appositive phrase. 1. Colon A colon signals to the reader that what follows is an expansion or explanation of what precedes it: The colon is equivalent to an equals sign in mathematics. (The preceding statement is an example of expansion.) The traditional rule of capitalization after a colon is twofold: If the text that follows the colon as an expansion or explanation is a phrase or a single sentence, the first word of that passage should not have an initial capital letter. If the text is more extensive, the first word of each related sentence should be capitalized. (The preceding statement is an example of explanation.) This rule is not universally accepted, and I’m among the heretics: I prefer to initial-cap what follows a colon if it is a complete statement of one or more sentences, because I think that the distinction between incomplete and complete statements is more logical than the standard criterion. The colon also appositively signals that a quotation or a list follows, as in â€Å"This truth is universal: ‘Just because you can doesn’t mean you should’† and â€Å"I bought three tools: a hammer, a wrench, and a screwdriver.† (Read more about colons.) 2. Dash A dash can substitute for each of the other three punctuation marks described here; the choice is based on tone rather than sentence organization. A dash represents a sudden or abrupt shift it’s a dramatic device to set the reader up for a change of syntactical form or for a revelation or a punch line. A pair of dashes can be employed parenthetically, but that use does not apply to appositive phrases. (Read more about dashes and search the site for â€Å"em dashes† for more posts that discuss the topic.) 3. Ellipsis An ellipsis, a series of three dots that separate one part of a sentence from another (also known collectively as ellipses), indicates an intentional or unintentional pause caused by person being at a loss for words or hesitating because of some emotion such as doubt or fear or for dramatic effect. (Ellipses are often interspersed with letter spaces a more aesthetically pleasing style though some publications omit the spaces or use a single-character ellipsis.) When an ellipsis concludes a sentence, it represents faltering speech, and it marks omission of one or more words from quoted material, but these uses do not apply to appositive phrases. (Read more about ellipsis.) 4. Semicolon The semicolon is similar in name and appearance to the colon, but its function is unrelated; it serves as a weak period, as employed here, or as a strong comma, as shown in the next paragraph. In its weak-period guise, it marks the end of one statement and the beginning of another; however, it is appropriate in place of a period only if the second statement is closely related to or dependent on the first one. Note that when a semicolon appears in such a case, no coordinating conjunction (such as and or but) should follow it. (However, when the conjunctive adverb that begins this sentence, or others such as moreover or therefore, follows a semicolon, as occurs earlier in this paragraph, a comma should follow the word.) A strong-comma semicolon is one used in place of two or more commas when the elements in a run-in list are themselves lists, as in this sentence: â€Å"The three most frequent color schemes in flags are red, white, and blue; red and white; and, tied for third place, red, yellow, and green and red, white, and green.† (Note that not all list items must include internal punctuation.) Many writers are reluctant to use semicolons because they do not understand how to use the punctuation mark correctly or consider it overly formal, but its roles are simple and helpful. (Read more about semicolons.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Types of Language"Owing to" vs "Due to"15 Names and Descriptions of Effects

Trends that older workers need to watch for in 2018

Trends that older workers need to watch for in 2018 Attention Baby Boomers- not all trends are created equal. Each year, we see a variety of new workplace trends take hold, which often vary by industry, geography, and even individual demographics. One of these factors is age- simply put, there are trends in the job world that affect older individuals differently, based on their level of experience, personal needs, comfort level in a rapidly changing work environment, and longevity in the job market. Older workers- specifically Baby Boomers (individuals born between 1946 and 1964), face some unique issues and challenges in the work world. This aging population possesses a wealth of work experience, knowledge, and expertise, but is growing older in a workplace that increasingly prizes youth and vitality, and many are approaching the age where retirement is a consideration. According to a recent Pew Research Center study, approximately 29% of the workforce in the United States- which represents approximately 45 million workers- is part o f the Baby Boomer generation. Although this number continues to shrink each year, it’s still a significant amount of people. Therefore, it’s worth taking a closer look at the trends these older folks can expect to encounter in the workplace in 2018.More flexible work arrangementsAlthough this may not seem like much of a departure from the norm for younger workers, older workers who are typically more used to the traditional Monday to Friday, 9 to 5 office arrangement may need some time to get used to the changing notion of what it means to be â€Å"at work.† Advances in technology have made it easier than ever before to work remotely and telecommute- and older workers will get the opportunity to take more advantage of the flexibility this allows.Baby Boomers who work in fields in which telecommuting is a viable option and possess the technical knowhow can expect to encounter more flexible work arrangements in 2018. This is often a good thing, allowing for a fast er, easier, and less expensive commute to the office- which might now just mean walking into one of the rooms in your house.Rise in contract employmentAnother trend in the workplace that may hit Baby Boomers harder than their younger counterparts is the change in how employers are hiring individuals to meet their needs. Many companies are embracing leaner approaches to work by using technology to get more work done with less people on their payrolls. Companies are also increasingly relying on unorthodox work arrangements, which means a shift from full-time employees and towards a greater reliance on contract, freelance, and part-time workers to get things done.Why is this especially concerning for Baby Boomers? These new workplace arrangements typically don’t include benefits like medical and dental insurance, which usually become more essential as workers get older, so workers are going to have to get creative and seek out alternative means for coverage. Another thing missin g from most forms of contract employment are retirement benefits, which will impact how workers prepare and save for retirement in the future.Delaying retirementSpeaking of retirement†¦a growing trend that many older workers are facing is the notion of having to delay exiting the workforce for as long as possible. According to a recent article by U.S. News World Report, this can be attributable to a wide range of factors, including older workers not having enough money saved, needing health insurance, desiring to stay active and productive, and simply enjoying working and passing on their knowledge and skills to a new generation of employees. Whether by choice or not, older workers who are looking to delay retirement are going to have to learn how to effectively navigate the changing landscape of the work world and plan for the future.These are the biggest trends older workers can expect to encounter in 2018. Those employees who will prove most successful in coping with a rapi dly evolving workplace will stay one step ahead of these trends and strategize accordingly.