Was World War I a total war? Essay -- essays research papers fc

Was World struggle One a total war? Why? Why not?The First World War of 1914-1918, also cognise as the Great War, was the first total war in history. What began as a European struggle over the balance of power between the trinity alliance of France, Britain and Russia on one side and the central powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary on the other, soon became a global conflict that involved the imperial powers of Europe, their colonies and lands such as the faggot Empire, Japan and the United States. Although the sheer number of countries involved in the conflict is enough to describe the First World War as a visual modality war, what makes it total is the fact that it was waged not only against the oppositenesss armies, just now also against the civilian population. Military attacks, the use of propaganda and the fact that governments had to mobilise every for sale human and material resource for the conduct of war affected non-combatants and made World War One a war not fou ght between armies, but entire societies. Civilians became targets of warfare because their efforts were crucial to the outcome of the war. While fifteen million soldiers died , untold millions suffered off the battlefield. One weapon that had a major effect on warfare in 1914-1918 was the submarine. Since all Britains supplies were seaborne, enemies such as Germany resorted to starving the population by destroying British supply ships. The British also found it an good tactic to blockade supplies to Germany, starving the German war economy and population. Air raids were also a reality for citizens and the general populace had to be ready for the enemy to strike at any time. Attacks were not always so random. An Armenian woman tells of her experiences of being taken from her city with her children, knowing that she was going to be killed - I was in the last caravan to leave the city we knew they were leading us to our deathsthere was a well wide open where the executioners immediat ely threw the women they were stabbing. This is an example that shows how women and children suffered in a conflict that many did not understand or want to be a part of.The use of propaganda and the war of words between belligerents play a big part in making the First World War total, as the orgy of killing on the battlefield took place against the backdrop of an orgy of loaded words. The government and press were able... ...d be directly or indirectly involved in the war if not physically involved in battle, they could be emotionally affected by the use of propaganda or manipulated by misleading information. Finally, the First World War was waged with armaments that require entire economies to produce them. This direction that the war was total because non-combatant involvement in the war effort was essential. BIBLIOGRAPHYBentley, Jerry H. & Ziegler, Herbert F., Traditions & Encounters, (New York, 2003). Demm, Eberhard, Propaganda and Caricature in the First World War, Journal o f Contemporary History, Vol. 28, No. 1. (1993), pp. 163-192.Hobsbawm, Eric, The long time of Total War, Age of Extremes, Michael Joseph, 1994. 21-53.Marquis, Alice Goldfarb, Words as Weapons Propaganda in Britain and Germany during the First World War, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 13, No. 3. (1978), pp. 467-498. PRIMARY SOURCESLines of Fire. Women Writers of World War I, edited by Margaret Higonnet (New York, 1999) Gadarinee Dadourian, A Mothers Deportation, pp.280-1.Mike Iavarone, Trenches on the Web Posters from the Great War, http//www.worldwar1.com/posters.htmger

Assyrian Crisis Essay -- essays research papers

THE ASSYRIAN CRISIS, A TIME OF GROWTHThe Assyrian Crisis in Judah appears, from the surface, as a time of great luck for the people of Jerusalem. However, by examining the situation with a more supplyful lens, ane slew see the powerful religious infuence much(prenominal) an event could consider on a resident&8217s theology. If I were a Judean during this time, my deponefulness would have faced the toughest test of my sustenance. Going into such a conflict with a nation as strong as Assyria, I could not help just now be afraid. My bones would tremble at the theory of destruction of the Holy City of Jerusalem, of the people of Judah, and of my own being. Although I would have believed in deity, I would noneffervescent be filled with forethought. This fear would escalate when I perceive a messenger for the king of Assyria, as stated in Isaiah 36, mocking God, insulting His power and doubting His saving grace on Jerusalem. He goes on to try and convice us, the people of Je rusalem, that Hezekiah is not combiningworthy, and that we will not find help in Egypt because they argon not reliable. Finally, write outing the path of destruction that Assyria has already created, and their hunger for more, in addition to the messenger&8217s statement that the Lord has commanded Assyria to go and destroy Jerusalem, my feelings of fear and doubt would uncontrollably well up inside me. We are, after all, only human, and fear is a common feeling, despite where we stand with God. No man lives without fear, only though fear our faith is tested and strengthened. Upon earreach and experiencing the truth of Isaiah&8217s claim that God will spare Jerusalem and force the Assyrians seat home, my faith in God would be fortified. In the measure of fear, I would have realized how weak, how immature, and how far I must go in my faith and trust in God. But once I heard Isaiah&8217s prophecy, I would use it as a way to do away with my fear. Knowing that God was handout to save His Holy City, and that He was going to continue with His perfect plan for mankind that dated back as far as the propagation of Abraham and held a future for the arrival of the Messiah, I would know that my God follows His plans and keeps His promises. Through this, I would have peace. I would soon learn that I can trust Him in everything because as it says in Scripture, &8220if God is for us, who can be ... ...of mockery and insults directed towards God. By attacking the Christian faith in this way, the king of Assyria was assay to prove the Christian&8217s God was equitable like all other gods, powerless. Similarly, Paul persecuted Christians by going to Damascus to capture them and bring them back to Jerusalem. He hated the Christian faith and persecuted it without mercy. He, however, converted to Christianity later and became an awesome tool of God&8217s for spreading the Gospel. Living such a deportment against God in his past, Paul could have tardily compare himself with the king of Assyria. Paul would gain great peace and thankfulneess when he realized God&8217s punishment to the king of Assyria was death, and that he escaped such punishment and was saved by God. Additionally, seeing the successes of Hezekiah, like returning Judah to the luxury it once experienced, being saved from the Assyrians, and being given 15 extra geezerhood to live after his illness, Paul would soon realize that the only reason God was so forgiving and merciful with Hezekiah was because he kept his eyes on Him. This would teach Paul that, if he were to be successful, he must keep his focus in life on God. Assyrian Crisis Essay -- essays research papers THE ASSYRIAN CRISIS, A TIME OF GROWTHThe Assyrian Crisis in Judah appears, from the surface, as a time of great luck for the people of Jerusalem. However, by examining the situation with a more powerful lens, one can see the powerful religious infuence such an event could have on a resident&8217s the ology. If I were a Judean during this time, my faith would have faced the toughest test of my life. Going into such a conflict with a nation as strong as Assyria, I could not help but be afraid. My bones would tremble at the thought of destruction of the Holy City of Jerusalem, of the people of Judah, and of my own being. Although I would have believed in God, I would still be filled with fear. This fear would escalate when I heard a messenger for the king of Assyria, as stated in Isaiah 36, mocking God, insulting His power and doubting His saving grace on Jerusalem. He goes on to try and convice us, the people of Jerusalem, that Hezekiah is not trustworthy, and that we will not find help in Egypt because they are not reliable. Finally, knowing the path of destruction that Assyria has already created, and their hunger for more, in addition to the messenger&8217s statement that the Lord has commanded Assyria to go and destroy Jerusalem, my feelings of fear and doubt would uncontrolla bly well up inside me. We are, after all, only human, and fear is a common feeling, despite where we stand with God. No man lives without fear, but though fear our faith is tested and strengthened. Upon hearing and experiencing the truth of Isaiah&8217s claim that God will spare Jerusalem and force the Assyrians back home, my faith in God would be fortified. In the times of fear, I would have realized how weak, how immature, and how far I must go in my faith and trust in God. But once I heard Isaiah&8217s prophecy, I would use it as a way to do away with my fear. Knowing that God was going to save His Holy City, and that He was going to continue with His perfect plan for mankind that dated back as far as the times of Abraham and held a future for the arrival of the Messiah, I would know that my God follows His plans and keeps His promises. Through this, I would have peace. I would soon learn that I can trust Him in everything because as it says in Scripture, &8220if God is for us, w ho can be ... ...of mockery and insults directed towards God. By attacking the Christian faith in this way, the king of Assyria was trying to prove the Christian&8217s God was just like all other gods, powerless. Similarly, Paul persecuted Christians by going to Damascus to capture them and bring them back to Jerusalem. He hated the Christian faith and persecuted it without mercy. He, however, converted to Christianity later and became an awesome tool of God&8217s for spreading the Gospel. Living such a life against God in his past, Paul could have easily compare himself with the king of Assyria. Paul would gain great peace and thankfulneess when he realized God&8217s punishment to the king of Assyria was death, and that he escaped such punishment and was saved by God. Additionally, seeing the successes of Hezekiah, like returning Judah to the luxury it once experienced, being saved from the Assyrians, and being given 15 extra years to live after his illness, Paul would soon realiz e that the only reason God was so gracious and merciful with Hezekiah was because he kept his eyes on Him. This would teach Paul that, if he were to be successful, he must keep his focus in life on God.

Epic of Beowulf Essay -- Beowulf Poem Poet Poetic Essays

Beowulf The epic poem Beowulf is a story of fighteres and monsters, good and evil. The poem tells about the accomplishments and deeds of a legendary Geatish hero who first rids the Danish kingdom of Hrothgar of two demonic monsters Grendel and Grendels mother. Later in the story, Beowulf meets a dragon, kills it with the help of Wiglaf, but dies of wounds. No one knows who wrote Beowulf. It was not really compose in the way that literary productions is written now. It is an epic poem, meant to be spoken aloud, very few of them were ever written down, and very few of them survived into modern times. cognize as the first poem of the English literature, Beowulf is the major literary monument of Old English literature and of Anglo-Saxon England. The original work was written slightly the year 1000. The myth that Beowulf embodies has captured the modern imagination and placed the poem among the masterpieces of world literature. The poem documents the values, questions, and atti tudes of the time and explores themes that are still engaging and fascinating. Beowulf is the oldest known piece of literature in English. Main Characters Of The Play Beowulf The title character and hero. He is first the prince of the Geats and becomes their King. He is often referred to as the son of Edgetheow. Hothgar The old, once great King of the Danes whose hall, Heorot is attacked by Grendel. Grendel The monster who attacks Heorot. He attacks Heorot because he is jealous of the friendships and happiness of the Danes. Grendels Mother Has no name of her own. She is a monster and gives Beowulf just as difficult fight as her son does. The Dragon The enemy that finally kills Beowulf. It guards a great tresuarehoard, and when... ...be different. Mothers and fathers will weep again for their dead children. The black raven, the wolf and the eagle will meet a feast on the battlefield. The Geats will be good deal wandering without a homeland once our enemies come in upon us. It ap pears that Beowulfs death signals the end of the Geatish people and the glory they won during Beowulfs reign. Works CitedThe Norton Anthology freshly York, London W.W. Norton & Company R.D. Fulk (1991). Interpretation of Beowulf A Critical Anthology Indiana University Press Harold Bloom (1987). Beowulf Modern Critical Interpretations New York Chelsea House Publishers Stanly B. Greenfield (1982). A Readable BeowulfSouthern Illinois University Press Donald K. Fry (1968). The Beowulf Poet Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall, Inc. George Clark (1990). Beowulf Boston Twayne Publishers

The Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

People judge others they encounter based upon their admit values. These values are acquired through experiences in the home, school, at work, and with friends. A psyche is taught from their parents at a very young age what is right and wrong, but they may fail to realize that the values they are taught are filtered through the minds of those who teach. Therefore virtuoso is a product of their previous generation adding our his or her judgement to the values that we will pass on.Hawthorne judges the characters in The Scarlet Letter by using his own values. These values were drastically different from other Puritans. Instead of the stern, harsh values of the Puritans, Hawthorne sees life through the eyes of a Romantic. He judges each person accordingly, characterizing each persons sin as the pardonable sin of nature or the unpardonable sin of the human soul. One can infer, by the writing style, that Hawthorne is close forgiving to Hester. He writes about Hester with a feeling of co mpassion that the descriptions of the other characters lack. Hawthorne approves of Hetsers feeling, vitality, and thirst to overcome the iron shackles of binding society. He shows us that although Hester is not permitted to bear witness her feelings verbally because of social persecution, there is no oneness that can restrain the thoughts of the human mind. Hawthorne, being a romantic and man of nature himself, can bear upon to the this. - If you were to look up the human mating characteristics in a science book you may surprise yourself. The human instinct is to have more than one partner not to stay loyal to one partner- In fact Hester is often contrasted with the Puritan laws and rules, especially when Hawthorne states "The worlds law was no law for her mind." (70) Roger Chillingworths personality is one of intelligence and knowledge but no feeling. Hawthorne considers Roger Chilingworths sin the worst in the book. In one of his journal entrees he labels it the "un pardonable sin." Hawthorne describes him as very nipping and Puritan-like, an educated man that looked very scholarly. As stated hereThere was a remarkable intelligence in his features, as a person who had so cultivated his mental part that it could not fail to mould to physical to itself, and become manifest by unmistakable tokens. (67)Hawthorne frequently refers to Chillingworths genius and diction, but intentionally fails to have Chillingworth show any slight sign of compassion.

Light and Dark in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essays -- Heart Da

Light and Dark in Heart of Darkness every(prenominal) story has a plot, but not every story has a deeper meaning. When viewed superficially, Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness is a tragic tale of the bloodless mans journey into the African jungle. When we peel away the layers, however, a different journey is revealed - we venture into the soul of man, complete with the warts as well as the wonderful. Conrad uses this theme of light and darkness to cable the civilized European world with the savage African world in Heart of Darkness. In Heart of Darkness, Conrad uses light and dark to symbolize good and evil, respectively. It is gabardine that is truly sinister and evil, for it symbolizes the immoral scramble for loot by the unscrupulous and unfeeling Belgian traders in off-white and human flesh the whiteness of ivory is also contrasted with the blackness of the natives whose lives must be destroyed for its sake (Gillon 25). Two central themes occur in Conrads Heart of Darkness. The first is the struggle between the white people and the native tribes, which plays in... ...ok and also provides its title. In Heart of Darkness, there is a real contrast between what is light and what is dark. These contrasts work within a globe of civilized and savage. It appears that light represents the civilized, and dark represents the uncivilized, but truly, white is evil, and the dark is innocent and virtuous. Works Cited Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. Middlesex, England Penguin Publishers, 1983. Gillon, Adam. (1982). Joseph Conrad. Twaynes English Author Series Number 333. Kinley E. Roby, ed. Boston Twayne.

Light and Dark in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essays -- Heart Da

Light and Dark in midsection of Darkness Every story has a plot, but not any story has a deeper meaning. When viewed superficially, Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness is a tragic tale of the whiten mans transit into the African jungle. When we peel away the layers, however, a different journey is revealed - we venture into the soul of man, complete with the warts as well as the wonderful. Conrad uses this theme of light and darkness to contrast the civilized European world with the savage African world in Heart of Darkness. In Heart of Darkness, Conrad uses light and dark to symbolize good and evil, respectively. It is whiteness that is truly sinister and evil, for it symbolizes the immoral scramble for scratch line by the unscrupulous and unfeeling Belgian traders in ivory and human flesh the whiteness of ivory is also contrasted with the blackness of the natives whose lives must be undo for its sake (Gillon 25). Two central themes occur in Conrads Heart of Darkness . The first is the struggle between the white people and the native tribes, which plays in... ...ok and also provides its title. In Heart of Darkness, there is a real contrast between what is light and what is dark. These contrasts work within a reality of civilized and savage. It appears that light represents the civilized, and dark represents the uncivilized, but truly, white is evil, and the dark is innocent and virtuous. Works Cited Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. Middlesex, England Penguin Publishers, 1983. Gillon, Adam. (1982). Joseph Conrad. Twaynes English Author Series Number 333. Kinley E. Roby, ed. Boston Twayne.

Tourism Has Increased Quickly Since 1950

There are a variety of reasons for the increase in tourism levels. First and fore most(prenominal), things have changed over time, socially and economically. In the 1950s, rattling few families had a car, now almost every family have at least one car, if not multiple vehicles. This means that flock can suit to airports, to ferry ports, etc. Another reason is due to employment laws there has been a huge increase in leisure time. This is down to more people receiving paid annual leave (4 weeks on average), people are working less hours for more money so have a higher usable income and also lots of families have two wage-earners.Lots of people are now taking early retirement and have generous pensions so can cast their savings on holidays. Another massive factor responsible for the increase in tourism is change in technology. There have been huge advances in aircraft development and additionally, motorways. The Euro tunnel also provides a link between England and France, giving tou rists the option of driving to their destination instead of flying or by boat. all told this is furthered by the alternative of book holidays and tours online, instead of going into a travel agent.This also gives people the opportunity to research locations before booking their holiday. Finally, and maybe most importantly, there is the actual growth and expansion of the holidays and tours offered. Because of the demand for different holidays, travel companies have created many tailor-made and budget friendly holidays, such as piece of ground tours and adventure breaks that cater for a wide variety of tourists such as families, couples and students.Package holidays particularly attract families on a tight budget who are looking for for a holiday that is both enjoyable and affordable. With lots of travel businesses now offering eco-tourism, tourists are being attracted to the idea of embracing local culture and life style without damaging the environment. Overall, the increase in tourism since the 1950s is due to multiple factors that, when combined, have made national and international travel much more handy to a wider range of people.

Iran’s Influence in Iraq

ABSTRACTIn the period aft(prenominal) 2003, Iran was extensively involved in Iraq by demonstrating its booster cable habit in the international context. However, Iraq has been confronted with substantial instability as a result of Irans sham, even though scholars arrest presented uniteed arguments about this issue. This paper discusses the role that Iran has vie after 2003, which has affected both(prenominal) the dimensions of stability and instability. The primary objective of Iran after 2003 was to observe a positive sparing change in Iraq and besides to go by dint of that the Western troops were taken off.Different factors affected Iraqs stability, including inherent sectary divisions and the role of early(a)(a) states. There were two types of work on on Iran and they atomic number 18 first and foremost was that the projects governing body solelyy checkd leveraging close historical dealingships with several Shia organizations in Iraq alike the Islamic dogma tic Council of Iraq (ISCI), the Badr organization, and the Dawah governmental fellowship. A second factor was that Iran had utilise the Persian whirlingary Guard Corps (IRGC) and Qods ram (QF) to provide paramilitary learn, weapons, and equipment to various Iraqi militant groups, including Moqtada al-Sadrs Jaysh al-Mahdi (JAM) and the limited Group Criminals (SGCs). Iran also had an do work on the legal and constructive functions of Iraq. Although it was seen that Irans policy in Iraq is also duplicitous, it publicly cal guide for stability but diverted Iraqs organization and illegally sponsored anti-government reservess.INTRODUCTIONAlthough the factors and consequences surrounding Iran and Iraq fight have been extensively discussed in the interrogation literature, the post-war implications have been hardly understood. The get together States has been accusing Tehran of its baseless interference, which was d hotshot by Arab leaders for establishing an Islamic land1, and by prominent Iraqi officials of an array of illegitimate meddling. It has been observed that Irans influence in Iraq has created a quite a complex berth for the entire region. Iran had vital interests in Iraq, which can be perceived as strategic important for establishing power relations in the region. In inn to maximise the success of Iraq from its policy-making transition, it is actually important that Tehran and Baghdad work together. In addition, it is fundamental for all involved parties to prevent the US from further deterioration of its relations with the Islamic Republic.2 Therefore, the objective of the present research is to explore Irans role and influence in Iraq in both political and military aspects.The essay is divided into introduction followed by theoretical remarks regarding the Iraqi insurgency, and the political stability. In reviewing the literature on the conflict between Iran and Iraq, it becomes clear that Iran has contend a role in bringing about i nstability in Iraq since 2003, which has been further divided into opposite sections. The first and the foremost division occurred between those academics who make Persian influence to be the most significant destabilising factor in post-2003 Iraq, and others who hold the opinion that Irans influence is considered either positive or insignificant.As per Barzegar3, the first approach is that Irans influence in Iraq is both strong and banish. At the same time, it has been indicated that Iran had a negative foreign policy. The nature of Irans relations had changed with various militant groups in Iraq and after the fall of ibn Talal ibn Talal Husseins authorities in 2003. Moreover, Iran had deployed thousands of countersign and paramilitary people to Iraq, as Iran had conflicting and negative goals in Iraq. The primary goal of Iran was to embellish its influence at both national and local levels in Iraq. Thus, it was seen that it had made links with the local actors, even when th ey contrasted Irans preferred clients at the national level. It may be also argued that Iran follows a policy of favouritism.In the beginning after the invasion, Iran has tried to combat US power. The US had a strong position in Iraq, which could have a negative impact on the security of Iran. With the worsening situation in Iraq, and with the regime change that the US tried to impose in Iraq, the United States became less of a driver of Iranian actions, although it was always an important factor in the Iranian leaderships calculations. presently after 9/11 Iran also had changed close to of its policy as there were significant changes in the US policy. initially Iran had cooperated with the US with regards to al-Qaida and to about degree in Afghanistans issues. However, later on Iran believed that the United States rebuffed its gestures. In addition to this Iran also had exploited the situation that followed the US regime and change in Iraq so as to expand its influence there.4 As of today, Iran has its closest ties with the Islamic dogmatic Council of Iraq (ISCI), formerly the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI). This relationship basically was on the exceptionally close and subservient days when SCIRIs role was that of an Iranian proxy to be wielded against Saddams regime during the bitter 1980-8 Iran-Iraq war. Indeed, Iran even organised part of SCIRI into the Badr Corps to fight against Iraqi forces on Irans behalf. Today, as the world(prenominal) Crisis Group notes, although the extent of ISCIs continued interestingness with it is a matter of debate, there is no question that Tehran exerts significant influence over the Party and that ISCIs ties to Irans security establishment remain strong.5Therefore, ISCI has been recognised as having the strongest ties to Iran. It has also been shown as quite cooperative with the United States.6 For instance, ISCI had members, which were a part of Iraqs intelligence agency and natural la w forces. These members are now working with the United States in its capacity as part of the Iraqi government they have also gone after ISCI rivals like Muqtada as-Sadrs Jaysh al-Mahdi (JAM). In spite of ISCI being Irans closest ally in Iraq, Tehran has had many other relationships, which were exerciseed at any constitute including weakening ISCI, such as Irans ties to JAM have grown to the extent of even hosting its leader Muqtada al-Sadr. This happened despite his repeated criticisms of Tehran and violent rival with ISCI. Thus, all these efforts were done to accomplish the initially set goals, including the major idea of maintaining a solid local influence.7IRAN-IRAQ WAR (1980-1988)It is important to clarify the circumstances leading to the 1980-1988 Iraq-Iran war in order to understand Irans and Iraqs complicated relations. In 1979, after the regularisation of the Shah of Iran was overthrown in 1979, under the leadership of Ayatollah Khomeini, an Islamic Republic of Iran was established. Soon after assuming power, Ayatollah Khomeini not single exported the Islamic revolution to other countries in the Middle East but also to Iraq.8 Because of all this Saddam Hussein in 1980 contumacious to initiate a war thus, for the next two years there was a inflexible war between Iran and Iraq, resulting in Iraq being expelled from Iran. 9Although at this juncture Iran could have been declared victorious, Khomeini fought across the Shatt al-Arab waterway in Iraq to overthrow Saddam Hussein and forced his resolution in there. Khomeini had image that Shiites would corroborate him in his invasion but they were least interested to do it. Throughout the Arab countries it was assumed that it would take time for Iran to overthrow Saddam Hussein beforehand the vulnerable monarchies of the Gulf fell, including the prised Saudi Arabia and its oil. Till now America was just waiting and watching all the drama (war), but at this juncture it decided to get into the war its elf and tilt towards Iraq.10During the reign of Saddam Hussein, Iran launched a number of Shiite groups who violently opposed the Iraqi Baathist regime and this particularly took place before the Iran-Iraq war had started. The Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution (SCIR) in Iraq was led by Ayatollah Muhammad Bakr al-Hakim and his militia, the Badr Brigade, also joined forces with Iran in the Iran-Iraq war and very actively participated in the war by fouling the Iranian side. 11After responding to the President George H. W. Bushs ill-fated call for a Shiite uprising, which happened in 1991, SCIRI temporarily occupied the Iraqi port of Basra. Soon after the reprisals, SCIRI continued to be with the Shiite group and opposed Saddam Hussein. They were competing with different groups, such as Ahmed Chalabis Iraqi issue Congress. After the US invasion and also after the establishment of the interim Iraqi government, SCIRI established itself as one of the most important and main poli tical parties, which represented southern Shia (the other being Dawa). 12Bakr al-Hakim, who was an Iraqi religious leader, was killed in the US led Iraq war. Abdul-Aziz Al-Hakim was the SCIRIs political leader and was very famous in Iraq as a politician.13 Moreover, SCIRI and Dawa had support Abdul-Aziz al-Hakim when he was in Iran and was exiled they also gave their support to the Iranian regime and advocated an Iraqi Islamic theocracy. After returning back to Iraq, they withdrew their support from Dawa and another government party, which was led by the velayat-e faqih. As a result, they started propagating the meaningful role of religion in governance.14 IRANS STRATEGY TO INFLUENCE IRAQSoon after the fall of Saddam Husseins regime in 2003, Iran tried to influence Iraq by adopting the strategy that Iran and Iraq are neighbours with a bulky history of dealing with one another. In addition, they both have same historic, religious, economic, and cultural factors of influence. Moreove r, the eight-year long war was a result of their troubled relationship, in which Iran tried to position itself to influence the formation of a raw government in Iraq. This took place through the use of all elements of national power diplomatic agency, information technology, military, and economic resources. Iran has tried to achieve its goals in Iraq by adopting different strategies. For instance, Iran openly supported pro-Iranian factions and armed militias it also tried to influence Iraqi political leaders by building strong economic ties in Iraq, which were considered a manifestation of goodwill towards Iran.15According to Joseph Felter and Brian Fishman,16 Iran has persistently tried to affect the political landscape of Iraq. It has been argued that Iran has a well-developed plan so as to exert influence in Iraq in order to minimise or avoid the American power projection in the Middle East. Two significant modes of Iranian influence have been set in Iraq. The first mode was associated with the idea to influence Iraqi politics through the assistance of various Shiite organisations, such as the Supreme Council of Iraq, the Badr organisation, and the Dawa political party.The second method suggested support of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and Qods Force (QF) to obtain arms and ammunition as well as paramilitary training to various Iraqi militant groups to include Moqtada al Sadrs Jaysh al Mahdi (JAM) and the Special Group Criminals (SGCs). Irans influence on Iraq has been identified as economic and religious. Irans wants for influence have spread to different diplomatic, military, and economic sectors of Iraq. Iran wanted to influence Iraq not only politically but through the involvement of mass media by creating a specific image in minds of Iraqi people so as to get help for its strategy. In economic terms, Iran has helped Iraq to build its deal out and expand it accordingly.17IRANIAN MILITARY INFLUENCE IN IRAQBecause of the influence o ver the military, it had made many insurgent groups to operate in Iraq and several(prenominal) of them were directly opposing the US military in Iraq. With such influence in Iraq, Iran could possibly retaliate against the United States. In turn, this prompted the United States to convince the United Nations to impose economic sanctions on Iran because of its nuclear program. Iran also executed return attacks on the US forces using proxy militia groups in Iraq in solecism the US decided to take direct military action.18Since 2003, Iran had pursued extensive collaboration with Iraqi political allies, such as the United States, in order to participate in the nascent democratic political process. It has also armed, trained, and funded Shiite militias with the idea to defeat the United States, which would prevent further intervention of the US army in that particular area.19As Katzman mentions,20 in the period from 2005 to 2008, Iran had increased support for Iraqi Shiite militias and took over both the material aid like physical arming of militia groups and the contribution of troops, as well as training or harbouring of insurgents. The Quds forces were supplying material to Iran, and they were charged for territorial actions, although reports have said that the military training in the Iraqi Shia militia was done by the Lebanese group Hezbollah.21 The major terrorist activity was completed by Iran and Quds Force. This was confirmed in 2010 by the US State Department22, but it appears that not only this Iranian government was involved between the IRGC and the Special Groups inwardly Iraq.23It has been noted that the Iraqi military group colligate most strongly to Iran, is probably the Badr Corps, the armed wing of the ISCI, which, even prior to 2003, was described as Irans most important action arm inside Iraq.24 Bergner (2007) stated that Iraqi Shiite groups were not in the situation to bring about such massive and destructive attacks, without weapons and tra ining from Iran, implying that Tehran has carefully planned its actions. over again it was argued that links between military groups in Iraq were made in Iran, and this further fuelled instability. However, the question whether other agents or groups were involved in creating such an unstable situation remains open.25IRANIAN POLITICAL INVOLVEMENT IN IRAQBy 2011, it has been observed that Nouri al-Maliki, Prime subgenus Pastor of Iraq, was openly against the Vice President Hashemi. In addition, there was persistent agitation between Erbil and Baghdad, which made the members of Iraqiyya and the Kurds to actually consider prime ministers ouster seriously, which occurred in the 2012 spring. At this bear down Malikis opponents took the help of Sadrist because it was undeniable at that point of time to obtain 163 votes, which were required to pass a non- confidence motion. Sadr was not willing to break with the other Shiite blocs and side with Malikis Kurdish and Sunni opponents in a n on- confidence motion, in spite of having meetings between top Kurdish, Iraqiyya, and Sadrist officials (including Sadr himself) in Erbil and Najaf.26 President Jalal Talabani was also under high printing press from the Iranian government to help and support Maliki, but he directly opposed the initiation of a non-confidence vote in the parliament, saying that there is no proper support for this action.27 However, by June 2012, it has been evident that the non- confidence vote had faltered. It was in late 2012 reported that the President Talabani had changed his position on a non- confidence motion because of growing tensions among Arabs and Kurds.28 By the end of 2012, Talabani suffered a stroke there by ending any chance of renewing push to remove Maliki through a non-confidence measure. De-Baathification served the Iranian ambition more than the Iraqi one. The extensive period of Saddam Husseins Baathist rule had left a deep societal mistrust and sectarian divisions. This institu tion, de-Baathification, was created after Saddams downfall in 2003, but it was very quickly politicised, which also applied a ban on the former members of the Baath party. Again it was noted that there were links between the Iranian-backed militant groups and the head of the Shia-dominated commission and his deputies, Ahmed Chalabi and Ali al- Lami.29Iran has been involved in Iraqi politics since 2003. Yet, Iranian efforts to exert influence over politics in Iraq have been evident since 1980s. However, the main point which is debated is whether Iran is committed to exerting long-term control over such a government, and whether the Iranian government would be comfortable in allowing a Shiite Iraqi government to become militarily and political powerful. It has also been claimed that the Iranian government had exerted persistent political pressure over the US to force the Americans to withdraw their troops in 2008 as per US-Iraq Security Agreement.30 It has also been observed that Ir an normally exerts pressure on the political region in Iraq through Iraqs Shiite political parties by using its religious prowess to garner favour in the Shiite community. It appears that many of the political links were falsified after the Iran-Iraq war.This resulted in a huge number of Iraqi political figures being exiled in Iran and returning in the aftermath of the 2003 invasion to influence the politics in their home country. Iraqi Prime Minister, Nouri al-Maliki, had to spend a substantial amount of time in Iran, although most of his exile was spent in Syria, but this was during the rule of Saddam Hussein.31 Similarly, it has been also noted that the Shiite cleric Moqtada al-Sadr had strong links with the Iranian religious government and political establishment, although the Sadrist movement was basically anti-Iranian.32 There were lots of other people, who felt that Iran had a negative impact on the instability of Iraq. According to Alsis et al.,33 after the war the election s backed all major Shiite parties, so that if any of the party wins elections can be beholden to Tehran. Again this was the strategy of Iran to get support, which had led to Shiite divisions, and thus the cause of conflict and instability in many cases.Such political instability was the major cause of the development of various divisions in Iraqi society. The eruption of these division fuelled pressure not only in Iraq but in the entire region. During the 2010 elections, many incidents of violence were reported. This raised the question about the politically unstable country considering the presence of weak coalitions and holding of elections. This has provided Iran with an opportunity to demonstrate its support for Shiites, as this could be conducive to social stability, or such a condition may simply serve to whitewash and thus diminish the naive realism of the ground situation. The Brookings Institute Iraq Index (2006)34 had charted a peak in multiple fatality bombings in Januar y 2005, during the elections, and again during other months of the same year. All this has been seen very putting green in Iraq and somehow very much seen during Ramadan and elections, or in other words, it was considered quite normal during religious and political events. For example, Cordesman cites that the number of attacks peaked to some 700 per workweek in October 2005, before the October 15th referendum on the constitution, compared to 430 per week in mid- January.35 In relation to these events, many political groups and parties, who are said to have links to political establishments of Iran and also independent elements within Iran, have argued that most of these groups have strong influence and links to the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq (ISCI). It has been observed in recent years that the Mahdi Army, which is led by Moqtada al-Sadr, has become very powerful and influential due to reported links with Iran of Sadr.36ECONOMIC INFLUENCESince the US invasion, trade between Iran and Iraq has steadily increased and Iran is now Iraqs biggest trading partner37, and the trade consists of building materials, chemicals, consumer goods, and foodstuffs, much of it via the border at Mehran and Mundhirriya/QasrShirin. In addition to this, Iran has negotiated electricity deals with Iraq that were implemented after the certified public accountant era.38 According to the Iranian ambassador to Iraq, Iran supplies 750 megawatts of electricity to Iraq daily. Moreover, two Iranian banks have received an approval to open their branches in Iraq.39 Nonetheless, Irans investments in real terra firma and businesses in Basra, Karbala, and Najaf have been seen as exploitative rather than a form of gratitude from Iraqis.40To add to this Iran-Iraq economic ties are strong, and this has been encouraged to some extent by the impact of international sanctions on Iran and in other markets. It was demonstrated by Irans ambassador in gilded 2010 that Iran would double its trade vol ume with Iraq.41 Iranian officials have also indicated that they welcome a strong economic integration between the two countries, Our message to Iraqi brothers in my visit is that Iran is fully ready to expand ties with Baghdad. We announced that Tehran is prepared to put its scientific, technical, engineering, economic and commercial potentials at the disposal of Iraq.42 In 2005, there were reports that to get a job in Basra, this requires the sponsorship of Iran, as teaching posts were filled only by those who were supporting Iran43. As a result, most traders in southern parts of Iran speak Farsi and many accept Iranian currency. Iranian exports include electricity, refined oil products, and cars. It also helps to fund reconstruction. Iraqis have also started receiving medical care from Iran. Thus, Iran has presented a strong economic influence on Iraq.IRANS BROADER ROLE IN IRAQI SECURITYThe interests of Iran and Iraq security coincide in certain areas and security competition is complicated as it is seen by some Iraqis that Iran is making huge efforts to acquire nuclear weapons as a Muslim bomb, and not as a threat to Iraq.44 It was also noted that Iran has given some funding to Iraqs security forces in 2005, and Iraq had to promise the United States that Iran would not train Iraqi security forces.45Iran had pressurised on the security arrangement between the US and Iraq. widely distributed Odierno who was the Commander of the Multi-National Force in Iraq at that time said on October 12, 2008, that Iran may try to corrupt the members of the Council of Representatives so as to vote against the lieu of Forces agreement.46 However, in celestial latitude 2011 Iran indicated that the US forces should withdraw from Iraq, as the US should not use Iraqi land, sea, and air for launching or for any transit point when they attack other countries.47It has been argued that some Iraqi military and intelligence officials had significant influence over elements of the Iraqi Ministry of the Interior, and had acc employ Iran of providing shaped charges and artillery to Iraqi militants. Moreover, Iran had also recruited thousands of Iraqis for gathering information in fact, Iran has had intelligence agents in northern Iraq for at least 20 years.48 As per Dafna Linzer, the rough estimate about Iranian intelligence officers in Iraq in 2007 was about 150.49 It was also observed that some of the Iranian people felt that an increase in Iraq would be a threat to them, slice others have attempted to use Iraqs military as a wedge to force the US out of Iraq.50 As per Irans Foreign Minister Ali Akbar Salehi, Considering the fact that the Iraqi Army can provide security, their presence in the country is not justifiable.51THE ROLE OF THE IRANIAN REVOLUTIONARY GUARD IN IRAQImmediately after the fall of Saddam in 2003, Iran began funnelling much of its aid to militias in Iraq via the Qods Force, which is a branch of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps.52 The y not only provided funding, weapons, operatives, and training to groups in Iraq, but also to Islamic militants in Palestine, Bosnia, Hezbollah in Lebanon, fighters in south Sudan, and the Taliban in Afghanistan.53It was argued by Mahan Abedin, who is a director of research at the London-based Centre for the Study of terrorist act that Qods training was largely focused on utilising intelligence and this was the key to their success. As per official figures, the number of Qods and Iranian intelligence personnel in Iraq was 150, while US commanders believe there were only fewer Shiite provinces.54 Although the United States was slow to grasp the full extent of Irans expanding role in Iraq, but on July 19, 2005, the United States sent a secret cable to Iran which stated that a British soldier was killed by an explosive which was supplied by Iran, although Iran denied there involvement, which lead to confrontations. 55The Commander General Petraeus, who was in power during the Multi-Na tional Force operation in Iraq, stated in his testimony to Congress that none of us earlier this year appreciated the extent of Iranian involvement in Iraq, something about which we and Iraqs leaders all now have greater business organization.56 Moreover, the Qods was a tool used by Iran directly or indirectly for hurting the US military and also disrupting American interests in Iraq. In 2007, General Petraeus stated that, There should be no question about the malign, lethal involvement and activities of the Qods Force in this country. He went on to add that Iran was trusty for providing the weapons, the training, the funding and in some cases the direction for operations that have indeed killed US soldiers.57 American officials did not accuse the Qods Force directly for attacking Americans and very carefully said that they were not aware of leadership of the Iranian government as being involved in the Qods Forces activities.58 Such perplexity in the US regarding the potential i nvolvement of Iran in hte Qods Force raises certain issues that should be addressed by American politicians. Although the American president, George W. Bush, confidently said that those arms, ammunitions and explosives, which were used in Iraq, were certainly from the Qods Force, but we are not aware whether or not the head leaders of Iran ordered the Quds Force to do what all this and what all they did . 59As per the US intelligence reports, which leaked in 2010, certain details were provided about the precise extent to which Iran was involved in 2006-2009 violence. The report also said that the IRGC used Hezbollah to train militants in Iran before crossing to Iraq. Moreover, General Petraeus had stated Hezbollahs role in a 2007 report to Congress.60The reports draw on testimony from detainees, captured diaries, and weapons originating in Iran which included explosively formed penetrators, bombs, and surface-to-air missiles. Thus, by all these reports it can be concluded that Ir an had a hand in training and resourcing of specific attacks, including assassinations of Iraqi ministry officials, mortar attacks on the Green Zone, and also on kidnappings of American soldiers. In addition, General Petraeus implicated Iran in the 2007 car bombing and kill of two southern Iraqi governors. Besides using Hezbollah to train terrorists, the reports point to both the Badr Corps and Mahdi Army as allies in Iranian efforts.61According to the huge War Journal, which is basically based on interviews with senior military and intelligence officials and also mid-level military people, the Qods Force streamlined its operations in Iraq by creating the Ramazan Corps. The Corps was responsible for most of Qods Forces operations in Iraq in 2007 and consists of the Fajr command in the south, Nasr command in the north, and Zafar command in central Iraq. The Qods Forces aid also included Mahdi Army, the Badr Brigades, the Qazali Network, the Sheibani Network, and many more groups and parties, as they mostly targeted political rivals, the Iraqi Security Forces, and Coalition forces. Moreover, when Badr Brigades and SCIRI formed a government, Iranian groups targeted them.62 Again as per Brigadier General Kevin Begner, on July 2, 2007, Iran had supplied the Iraqi militias with $3 million per month.63 Again in 2011, the US raised concerns over Irans involvement in Iraqi violence and said that the increase in the number of Americans dying in the summer of 2011 was because Iran had supported Iraqi militants. Again in July, full admiral Mullen said that Iran was supplying militias in Iraq so as to take credit for withdrawing American troops.64During the war, which lasted for 8 years, Iran has developed strong ties in terms of religious and political influence with Shiite parties. During this period, Iran played a very important role in mediating between the Iraqi political leaders. It also had strong relations with the Sadrists who are one of the largest political parties in Irans ruling collation. Moreover, IRGC also had a significant influence over Iraqi security forces.Iran also has a large mix of resources, which were available in the process of exerting influence upon Iraq after Saddam Hussein was toppled in 2003. Iran also used its influence in Iraq so as to divert the US goals, and pursue its own goals and interests. Iran used its sway in Iraq in order to keep the pro-Iranian Shiite Prime Minister Maliki in power and also to maintain stability along its western border. Thus, it can be argued that Irans role in Iraq is very complex, and not a simple task to mould Iraq as per the wishes of Iran. 65CONCLUSIONFrom all that has been discussed and looked at above, it is beyond doubt that since the invasion of Iraq by the United States and the downfall of Saddam Hussein, Iran has exerted more and more influence in Iraq by both conventional and unconventional methods. It has used a number of tools ranging from economic, political, military, regional to historic to exert such influence and has also formed proxies both with organisations of different profiles and objectives. Sectarianism and factional divisions have also been largely exploited by Iran to achieve its goals.Iranian influence in Iraq is vital to Iran since it considers its importance as a means of establishing its regional dominance and counters the influence of the United States in Iraq. Such efforts of establishing its influence in Iraq have not been without setbacks considering that Iran has had to work with organisations that have been counter-productive in their goals and objectives. The situation in Syria in the past few years has also lessened the viability of Irans dominance in the region. Even with such setbacks, Iran has enjoyed some benefits from its dominance in Iraq since trade between the two countries has flourished in a critical moment when Iran was undergoing trade sanctions from the United States and Western countries. One can only wait to see how long such influence will be exerted and whether such status enjoyed by Iran now will continue to exist regardless of the political situation in Iraq. BIBLIOGRAPHYAl-Jazeera English. (2011). Iraqi PM in US to Chart Future Relations. Accessed July 2, 2014, http//www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2011/12/2011121273244299490.html.Allawi, A. (2007). The Occupation of Iraq Winning the War, Losing the Peace. 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Washington Institute for Near East Policy Focus 111, April 2011.Foxnews Website. Experts Irans Quds Force Deeply Enmeshed in Iraq. Foxnews, February, 16, 2007, accessed August 18, 2014, http//www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,252212,00.html.Felter, J. and Fishman, B. (2008). Iranian Strategy in Iraq Politics and Other Means. Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, October 13, 2008, accessed August 21, 2014, http//iraqslogger.powweb.com/downloads/CTC_Iran_Iraq_Final.pdf.Flaherty, A. (2010). US General Cites Direct Intel Linking Iraqs al-Lami, Chalabi to Iran. Associated Press, February 16, 2010, accessed August 24, 2014, http//blendz72.wordpress.com/2010/02/17/us-general-cites-direct-intel-linking-senior-iraqi-officials-to-iran/.Gordon, M. and Lehran, A. W. (2010). Leaked Reports Detail Irans Aid for Iraqi Militias. New York Times, October 22, 2010, October 22, 2010, accessed August 15, 2014,Gordon, M.and Shane, S. (2007). U.S. Long Worried That Iran Supplied Arms in Iraq. 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Troops Authorized To Kill Iranian Operatives In Iraq. The Washington Post, January 26, P.1.Lowe, R., and Spencer, C. (2006). Iran Its Neighbours and the Regional Crises. The Royal Institute of International Affairs.Mardini, R. (2012). Iraqs Post-Withdrawal Crisis, Update 23. Institute for the Study of War, May 25, 2012, accessed June 30, 2014, http//www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iraq%E2%80%99s-post-withdrawal-crisis-update-31.Milani, M. (2010). Meet Me in Baghdad. Foreign Affairs, September 20, 2010, accessed July 2, 2014, http//www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66750/mohsen-m-milani/meet-me-in-baghdad.Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism. (2009). State Sponsors of Terrorism,? Country Reports on Terrorism 2008. US State Department, April 30, 2009, accessed August 20, 2014, http//www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/crt/2008/122436.htm.Petraeus, D. (2007). 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It’s Your Ship

Book Information Title Its Your Ship Management Techniques from the Best blaspheme Ship in the Navy Author Captain D. Michael Abrashoff Publishers Name Warner Books, Inc.Publishers Location, Year of Publication New York, NY, 2002 Number of Pages 210 pages Content The boilers suit objective of the book is to teach new, and old, attractors to become better attractor enrapturehip. While allone butt benefit from reading this book, the intended audience is leaders in all(prenominal) transcription. One statistic that should be alarming to all leaders of businesses was that 65 percent of populate countenance their companies because of the managers (Abrashoff, 2002). How do leaders change that statistic?Abrashoff believes that running a send off is genuinely similar to running any business it bows motivating a bunch to perform at the best(p) of their abilities to achieve optimal efficiency and intent of tasks. He advantagefully takes his experiences from leading a Naval crew and teaches the audience how to apply it to their organizations. Along with highlighting ein truth winning moment he and his crew experienced on the USS Benfold, Captain Abrashoff also shows failing moments the team had to endure. Those samples show the audience that in order to succeed, there has to be round trials along the way.Abrashoff introduces readers to the 11 lessons he has learned that helped him become a better leader take command lead by example listen aggressively communicate economic consumption and meaning create a climate of trust look for results, not salutes take calculated risks go beyond standard procedure build people up generate unity and improve the crews quality of life. He dedicated a chapter to each lesson and explains the grandness of each and how to apply them to any business. Chapter one talks nearly how Abrashoff became the captain of USS Benfold and how he had to take command.His first obstacle was wondering if e veryone was going to like him . He quickly realized that be likable is not high among a ship captains handicraft requirements to be consider, sure, and effective is (Abrashoff, 2002, p. 12). After that, he realized a contend for leaders is attracting and retaining the best employees and more significant, how to motivate them so that they plow with passion, energy, and enthusiasm (Abrashoff, 2002, p. 12). Leaders need to listen to their employees so they can better understand what they ar going finished. Along with hearing, employees need to be motivated.Motivation helps employees pauperization to do their motion and do the best job. An other(a) obstacle was learning the real reason wherefore soldiers were not re-enlisting. Abrashoff (2002) stated the following I read some exit surveys, interviews conducted by the military to find out why people argon leaving. I assumed that low pay would be the first reason, but in fact it was fifth. The top reason was not being treated with respect or dignity fost er was being pr even offted from making an impact on the organization third, not being listened to and fourth, not being rewarded with more responsibility. p. 13) All of those reasons be very similar to why people are leaving civilian jobs. Only one conclusion could come from it all leaders are making the analogous mistakes. The best answer for those obstacles was summed up perfectly when he talked about his organizing principle. Abrashoff (2002) verbalize the key to being a successful skipper is to see the ship through the eyes of the crew (p. 13). The leader does not always come up with the ideas leaders would benefit greatly if they listened to their crew more. Empowering employees makes them realize their potential.When deceasen the right environment, there are few limits to what people can achieve (p. 31). After fetching command, a great leader must lead by example. In chapter two, Abrashoff discover 90 percent of the time, I was at least as much a break off if the pro blem as my people were (p. 33). When occasions go faulty and tasks are not completed, a manager usually blames the employees. Abrashoff used a different approach he looked at himself and wondered what he may suffer done wrong in certain situations. By recognizing their own faults, a leader can learn from them and show their employees that they are learning from them.There were four personas of the chapter that was very key. The first section was on re ingredienting the effect one has on people. Leaders need to understand how they affect their people, their optimism and pessimism are equally infectious (p. 35). If the leader is in a bad mood, the employees exit sense that and be in the same mood. Abrashoff talks about his dark side and how he purposely stays extraneous from his crew when he is having a bad sidereal day. The second section talks about holding leaders accountable. Leaders need to make sure they recognized their part in a mishap and take some of the blame.The Wa shington Post test was the next section. If there is any concern on whether something is the right thing to do, picture it being on the front page of a newspaper. Would it cause embarrassment or would it be something to celebrate? Abrashoff thinks that each decision a leader can make should be based on that test. The last section is about obeying a policy even when a leader disagrees. There are plenty of times a manager bequeath disagree with a policy or procedure handed down by upper focal point a great leader testament support it anyway.Undermining superiors will show employees that they can do the same. In chapter three, Abrashoff stresses the importance of listening. He talked about his experiences with watching William Perry have conversations with people and how Perry always gave his complete attention to each person. In result, Perry was respected and people felt good in his presence. Abrashoff started to focus on really listening to his crew and treating each conversatio n like it was the intimately important conversation he was having. While having these conversations, Abrashoff learned to see the ship through the crews eyes (p. 4). He discovered that his crew had many good ideas about how to make the environment more enjoyable they were there every single day and knew a lot about the day-to-day operations on the ship. It would make sense to listen to their ideas. One of his first goals was to learn every soldiers name, their spouses name, and all the names of their children. Then, he continued to learn different things about each of them. He talks about realizing his crew was that like him, they had hopes, dreams, loved ones, and they wanted to believe that what they were doing was important (p. 46).In turn, his crew earned more of his respect and it became easier for them to talk to him and share their ideas. Finding smooth people for round holes was his next point in the chapter. Since he knew his people so well, he was able to match them wi th the perfect job. After having an assistant that was not good at handling paperwork, Abrashoff found a younger seaman named David Lauer, who was labeled as a troublemaker to take over the task. Lauer shined in that task and Abrashoff asked him why he had so much trouble in his last job. The seaman said that he felt like his suggestions were not being heard and he full gave up.This example proved that listening aggressively can benefit leaders immensely. Word magic was the last lesson Perry taught Abrashoff. Abrashoff believed if leaders back their words with action cause what they preach, their words create a self-fulfilling prophecy (p. 50). Every time someone talked about the USS Benfold, it was referred to as the best damn ship in the Navy. He wanted his crew to say it so they believed it and in turn, everyone else believed it. The next lesson is about communicating the purpose and meaning of every task.Abrashoff said it best in the first prison term of chapter four, the wh ole secret of leading a ship or managing a company is to articulate a common goal that inspires a diverse concourse of people to work hard to lineher (p. 52). When employees understand why a task it needed and how they can benefit from it, they are more likely to give their all in completing it. It is a shame that someone spends so much time at work and does not believe in the work they are doing. He wanted his crew to really love what they were doing every time they boarded that ship.If a leader makes their crew think they can do anything, they will believe it. Abrashoff thought that if he communicated with his crew about everything, they would understand and be more involved. He was against keeping his people in the dark, secrecy spawns isolation, not success (p. 55). It would be an advantage to the entire team when everyone knew the goals. That ties into opening up the clogged channels in an organization. By communicating the information effectively, the team produced better res ults. Abrashoff gave the example of the communication system in the Gulf War and how vital messages were never received.With the idea from one of his crew members, John Rafalko, the airways were cleared and messages were received. Abrashoff gave complete credit to Rafalko, claiming he only listened to the idea and supported Rafalko. Chapter five addressed the importance of creating a trusting environment, the best way to keep a shipor any organizationon course for success is to give the troops all the responsibility they can handle and then stand back (p. 63). When employees are trusted to do their jobs, it makes it easier for them to focus on the task, not the micromanaging.Another way to encourage trust in the workplace was to not make employees compete against each other. Abrashoff wanted his candidates to work together instead of working against each other. He believed that that competition created distrust and division among the crew and in the long run, did not help the entire crew. Abrashoff said that anyone can bounce back from a bad decision. By helping someone recognize their screw up, it sends a message to the entire team that they will receive the same attention. By giving up on someone, they understand instantly that theres no room for redemption (p. 7). Also, never strike a problem to the boss if it can be fixed without him Abrashoff did advise to only get the boss involved if it cannot. Finally, when dealing with a difficult boss, it is best to shield the crew from that person. The morale stays high and it is less likely for employees to be corrupted or turned off by that person. The chapter on feeling for results, not salutes, talked about looking at every one as an equal. Abrashoff encouraged leaders to let their crews speak up with their ideas they should be able to incredulity the authority.By knocking down barriers between the captains and the crew members, it encourages people to get to know one another and be more likely to speak up wh en something can be done better. Abrashoff gave many examples throughout the book about his team questioning some of the decisions and policies in place and in the end, the team improved some things. Here, again, he stresses the importance of involving the team in everything and letting them get involved in the decision-making process, innovation knows no rank (p. 96). With the achievements, he did tell leaders to experience failures.Leaders should not reprimand employees when they make an attempt to solve a problem and it does not work everyone should have the freedom to fail (p. 94). The next chapter talked about taking calculated risks. Employees worry about taking risks because the consequences can be devastating. Disciplinary action, even termination, can be the result of taking a risk and failing. Abrashoff believes in celebrating the risk-takers, even if it ends in failure. Everyone makes mistake show me someone who has never made a mistake, and I will show you someone who i s not doing anything to improve your organization (p. 04). The people that make their own decisions are the ones leaders should really be behind. Abrashoff said if all you give are orders, then all you will get are order-takers (p. 107). Leaders need to let their employees take responsibility that is how self-starters are born. When that self-starter is unearthed, leaders need to take a chance on them. Abrashoff proved that even the delinquent crew member can turn out to be a hard working one. He used the example of the crew member who was left(p) behind because he forgot to set his alarm.The sailor was placed on restriction since it was a serious offense, but he continued to excel in his job. When he found out his mother was ill, he put in for leave and was turned down by every leader. Abrashoff decided to grant him the leave and it did wonders for the sailor. He was very motivated to do a great job and to not let down his team mates again. In the end, the sailor left the Navy and became a defense contractor. The last section of the chapter was about breaking rules. Abrashoff said to break the rules that did not make sense and break the ones that did make sense, upright very carefully.This part was pretty self-explanatory it is okay to challenge the rules. As he was saying throughout the entire book, if something is wrong, find another way to do it. There are bad rules and it is the leaders job to find a better way to do things, or encourage their employees to find a better way. Chapter eight was all about going above and beyond. Abrashoff thought to get outstanding results, leaders had to go beyond the standard procedures, innovation and pass along are achieved only by those who venture beyond standard operating procedures (p. 119).Like he has said many times in the book, Abrashoff wanted his crew to take those risks and really think of way to change the system. He wanted self-starters and people with great ideas because it was not just his ship, it was e verybodys ship. In chapter nine, Abrashoff goes back to his people and talked about building them up. This chapter had a lot of points in it and it is one of the important lessons in the book confident employees help any organization. Building self-esteem in the private benefits the entire team, never tear them down help them grow strong (p. 41). The message ties in with the trust piece showing an employee that they are trusted and cared for makes a big difference in the way they work. Praise every single success, no matter how big or small, was important to Abrashoff. He believed that this practice, not only, worked on crew members, but it could be used on the big bosses If you want to achieve anything in a large bureaucracy, get inside the bosses head. Anticipate what they want before they know they want it. Take on their problems make them look so good that you become indispensable.When they cant get along without you, they will support nearly anything you seek to accomplish. (p . 141) If leaders just trusted their people more, they would see that they usually get it right. stack with talent, when motivated, can surprise people and hunt up in the ranks. Employees want to do a good job and prove they can do the job leaders should trust that they can. And leaders must trust the new people and teach them well. New people are a great asset to any organization they can be molded, with the prudish training, into anything the leader wants.It is important to keep them fired up any old influencesolder crew memberscan ruin their attitudes with any negativity. A proper take aboard program is imperative newbies can be discouraged very easily if their first day is a disaster. Most importantly, expect the best from every employee. Leaders need to invest fully into their people and they will get it back tenfold. Abrashoff stated that if we stopped treating them as if they are stupid, they would perform better (p. 158). When they are not performing at their best, leade rs should give honest feedback constantly.The employees cannot fix their problems if they do not know what they are doing wrong. This reduced the surprises during the review process leaders would not have to talk about all the things that need improving during the review if they do it in the moment. Another best practice is to ask the roll in the hay performers to rate their performances themselves. They are more honest to the fact that they are the bottom performers compared to their team mates. After that, come up with an action plan and set expectations on when to fix the problems.Leaders, then, should continue to coach in the moment and be open and honest with their employees. A team cannot succeed if they is no unity. Chapter ten addressed the importance of unity in a team and how the leader must create that with his employees. He claimed that one of the toughest things for organizations to accomplish is to get people to set aside personalised differences and work for the goo d of everyone involved (p. 168). One of his main focuses was to train for unity. He started off with finding common interests among everyone. Then, he wanted his crew to find affirmative reasons to value others (p. 173).He, ultimately, experienced a decline in the reports on racial prejudice and sexual harassment because the ships morale was very positive. penalization needs to be dealt out fairly in organizations. Leaders need to hold their team accountable for their actions, but also, learn to give them a second chance. Every employee needs to know they will be punished accordingly and after they have paid for their crime, the slate is wiped clean. Going back to the chapter about accept the failures, it is important to learn from it and move on. Abrashoff believed everyone deserves a second chance, just like the sailor how overslept.Now any man would say if his woman is not happy, he is not happy Abrashoff agreed with that ideal. By making the women feel like part of the team, j ust as the men did, Abrashoff prevented gender issues. Sexual harassment was down and everyone respected one another. It, also, helped the men on the ship calm down and be more mature. They saw the women as their equals and pushed them to step it up a bit. This lesson is very important in civilian organizations equality between the sexes still has not been achieved and many leaders should take notes on this chapter.Abrashoff ended the chapter with examples of extraordinary female sailors he has worked with and how important they were to his team. The last lesson that Abrashoff talked about was improving the quality of the teams life. He embraced the idea of having fun with the team and making the work environment fun. Many leaders frown upon fraternization and would probably look at Abrashoffs practices as that. But his message was all about enjoying life and friends and he did it in very simple ways. He organized karaoke and alcohol-free happy hour on Fridays, movie nights on Satur days, and playing music anytime work was involved.It lifted the morale and everyone was laughing and having fun. better food was another important part of improving the quality of life in the crew members. Abrashoff saw food as an important part of the ship. People could relax and socialize over a good meal and productivity could only increase. Even having a Thanksgiving meal when one is far away from home sends a caring message to the crew and makes people feel good. Reviewers Evaluation In my opinion, this book can be very helpful to anyone trying to be a better manager.It really opens the readers eyes on the proper way to manage and how to let go of the typical manager style. I really like the part about looking through the employees eyes and getting the employees more motivated to do a better job. I believe Abrashoff really challenges the common ideal that managers should be unapproachable and listened to authority and rules should never be questioned and always followed. He pr omotes risk-taking and challenging bad rules and really wants the leader to empower their team to make decisions and be innovative.Its Your Ship is an informative book that can help any leader become a better leader or learn new techniques to become the best leader. I am not sure how this book looks compared to other books like it, but I know the title alone is catchy and I would probably pick this one up first if I had to look at (I think it is because the word damn is on the cover ). I think it was very appropriate for us BBA students in the business administration field because most of the jobs are supervisor positions. Not only can we students benefit from it, I think everyone can take some pointers from this book.Some may not make it to a supervisor position in an office or retail setting, but there are leader positions everywhere churches, volunteer work, etc. Each and every leader/manager can really profit from this book. The contribution of the book is huge the message is s o important to all managers. From my experience, I have been managed by many managers and became a manager myself. Many of these lessons would have been an advantage to my superiors and to me. Some of the chapters really spoke to me, such as learning to trust people to do their jobs.I can admit that that was one area that I struggled in when I was a store manager. I really feel that Abrashoff did a great job explaining his practices and he made it very interesting to learn about them. I would definitely recommend this book not only to BBA students, but to many of my retail friends and some of my current supervisors. Reviewers Information Name Shanita Kitts Affiliation Averett University Address 1300 Dover Place, Lynchburg, VA 24502 References Abrashoff, D. M. (2002). Its your ship Management techniques from the best damn ship in the navy. New York, NY Warner Books, Inc.

Analysis Essay of Aria by Richard Rodriguez

NOUR BAHRI EN1111 Academic Writing M. Antoniadou 29th October2012 Analysis essay of Aria by Richard Rodriguez (2nd draft) This essay, titled Aria, originally published in 2008, is an autobiographic essay of the authors childhood, Richard Rodriguez. In his essay, Richard is against bilingual educators, who think that children in their first years of give lessons should be educated in their native nameing. According to him this education system is wrong, wont be beneficial, therefore children should be educated in the analogous language as the public one.Rodriguezs main point is to tightly encourage children of immigrant parents to adopt English, the public language as their main language in order to become assimilated in the public society and have a better future. Ricardo describes his childhood as a child of Mexican immigrant parents studying in an English school in America, where he had problems in communicating at school because he did not know the public language, English.At first, he was diffident and timid at school because he was feeling un promiscuous with English, but with his parents and teachers help he raised his hand to volunteer an make out, from that day he moved very far from the disadvantaged child(288). He then started feeling as an American citizen. Although Rodriguez admits that he lost the strong intimacy at home with his parents, he emphasizes that the injury implies the gain(291). Rodriguez supports his argument against bilingual education by using mainly the contrast technique in order for the readers to become to a greater extent sensitive to his topic and argumentRichards entire essay is based on the contrast between the loss in mysterious and the gain in public. By presenting those two opposed extremes, readers become to a greater extent sensitive to his argument as his essay becomes more realistic. In the part of the mysterious loss, Ricardo faces problems at home, since he came to believe that he was an American citizen, a t least(288). So the knightly refers to before Richard believes that he was an American citizen at the age of 7. Ricardo uses oftentimes the negation arks in order to support that they remained a loving family, but one greatly changed, No long-lived so close no endless outpouring, neither my older brother nor sister, Nor did I this last in a separate sentence to accentuate his position and the negation (288). He contrasts this new seat with the one they had in the past where after dinner each night, the family gathered(287). Readers feel that in the past family bonds and ties were stronger and the house was full of joy and laughs, everyone laughed(287).Thereby, Richard used we (we vie) as for him and his family that has a stronger meaning and connotation since they where feeling closer, as a whole. But also, in the past Richard was impatient to go back home, where he could actually speak the language, now he says, gone was the desperate, urgent, intense feeling of being at home (288). Furthermore, after this feeling of closeness diminished, silence started taking trust in the house as Richard explains that as we children learned more and more English, we shared fewer and fewer words with our parents (288).So in the past, children were more comfortable in speaking Spanish with their parents and spoke a language, which the parents actually understand and respond with ease, the house was full of language of home(286). By speaking English so much, a gap between Richard and his parents grew. After this process of Americanization, the silence at home, however, was finally more than a literal silence(289). He uses a chain reactor words in relation to the ear and hearing as sounds listen, listening, heard and speaking(289).Furthermore, Spanish started becoming unfamiliar to him and English, which is the public language became his primary language. In the past he used to call his parents mama and papa, and now that English is his primary language he calls th em give and father (289). At the end of his essay Richard said that his childhood started to end the day he took the decision that his wants to feel like an American citizen.Richard, most probably, associates the word childhood with his past, before he came to believe that he was an American citizen a past where he had strong bonds with his parents, the feeling of security and other that they are his parents, Spanish united them. However, as he became less confident with his cloak-and-dagger identity, he started becoming increasingly confident of his new public identity because the belief that he belonged in public had taken hold. Richard presents in his essay the other side of the game, of learning English and feeling as an American citizen because as he said the loss implies the gain(291).By the gain he means the gain in public, public identity. An important dramatic event occurred, it is the one that resulted in a big change in Richards life. And this was the day Richard raised his hand in class to volunteer an answer. This event brought him a lot forward, as he was no longer feeling as a disadvantaged child. Moreover, as Richard began to hear more and more English, the high, troubling sounds of los gringos became unnoticeable to him he was no longer an alien in gringo society(288). Whereas before he came to believe he was an American citizen, los gringos had a bad connotation, full of bitterness or distrust (288).Rodriguez became more confident of himself in speaking English, and he finally heard words, not just sounds. Richard insists in the difference between sound and words (which in the past sounds were helping him in understanding the situation) (288). He came to realize that sound and word were tightly wedded after his Americanization (288). He has also contrasting feelings he was often bemused and always relieved to realize how silent, though crowded with words his day in public had been (288). Richard means that, since he was feeling more comfort able with English, the words were more powerful and meaningful.Before the dramatic event, English was a foreign language to him, he felt like a stranger to it (287). Becoming more familiar with English helped Richard to achieve many things. He began doing well in school, he made friends and he was feeling more comfortable talking to masses in public. Assimilating to the American culture helped Richard feel more at ease among the other American students. So we understand that the public identity he achieved was a great success to him (288). Finally Richard at the end of his essay, make things more clear, and the contrast is still visible.He responds to bilingual educators, who have to distinguish between private individuality and public individuality. While becoming assimilated into public society, such assimilation makes possible the achievement of public individuality(290). Richard points out that in public, by contrast, full individuality is achieved(290). So according to him, th e public gain is really important and that is why in his essay the gain is stressed more than the loss. To conclude, in his autobiographic essay, Richard successfully used the contrast technique in order to give a full image of his argument and be more convincing.There was a deep intimacy with his family and the painful feeling of public alienation. However, as he grew up and with his Americanization, this became only the past meaning that there were no longer good bonds in the family and in public he gained an identity and individuality. Rodriguez offers a contrasting truth while our heritage and culture may remain continuously tied to our native language, the only way we can truly become a part of our community and fit in is to dominate the current communicate language. Word count 1280 Work Citation Rodriguez, Richard. The Norton Reader2008, ww Norton Company,

Liz Claiborne: Leadership Analysis Essay

Liz Claiborne was a revolutionary in the way industry. She overcame failures in her shaverhood and early adulthood to become a leader in the business world. Determined to find her place in the fashion world, she precious to a design fellowship with her own vision. She wanted to endue her customers with quality clothing at an affordable price. In 1976, Liz Claiborne, along with partners Art Ortenberg and Leonard Boxer, created Liz Claiborne, Incorporated. As a designer she was programmed to be task oriented. Because she was task oriented, her lead skills of import flunk in her leadership style. Nevertheless, because she was a role specimen and supporter of c arer driven woman, Liz predominantly portrays the transformational leadership style. Liz was able to create a company and a vision that moved milestones for women in the professional world and created higher standards for the fashion industry. The company made $2 million in sales its archetypical year and went public in 1981. ( take citation-Fortune 500?) Liz Claiborne, Inc. became the first-class honours degree company founded by a woman to make the Fortune 500 in 1986. (need citation-Fortune 500?)II. historyAnne Elisabeth Jane Liz Claiborne was born March 31, 1929 in Brussels. Her parents were descendents of Louisiana ancestry. Liz was the youngest of three. The family returned to new-fangled Orleans in 1939 at the set downning of World War II. Years subsequent, the family relocated to New Jersey. Liz attend primary and secondary schooling, only reaching her sopho more(prenominal) year. When she was teen, Liz was inspired by an art history teacher. (Ortenberg, page 25-27) A man of the times, Lizs father did non encourage her education. He did, however, approve of her ambition for art. He deemed it a proper activity for a woman. (Ortenberg, page 27) With her fathers approval, she immersed herself into the art world.Liz Claiborne won the harpers Bazaar design contest the year of 1949. The pr ize included a trip to Paris for ten days. After a year in France studying art, Liz returned to America. (Ortenberg, page 28) Soon after, on a trip with her parents, she announced her choice to begin a fashion designing career in New York. With issue emotion, her father handed Liz a fifty dollar bill and her suitcase. He wished her, Good luck, got back into the car, and drove off. (Ortenberg, page 30) Liz did not speak to her father for some other twenties years.Determined to find her way, Liz worked the Harper Bazaar opportunity and landed a job interview. Although she did not get the job, she did get a date and later on married the interviewer, Ben Schultz. Lizs marriage was short lived with Ben, but did produce her only son Alex. Through the nigh handful of years, Liz worked through with(predicate) her apprenticeship and raised Alex. Liz Claiborne was suitable the women she would later design for, a career driven woman.One year after Alex was born Liz met her future husband A rt Ortenberg. Art was department dot of the dress department at Juniorite, a junior sportswear company. Liz was a new designer. Liz and Art were both currently married. When the company found out about(predicate) the affair, Art was fired. Liz stood by Art and quit. The two began a relationship that led to marriage in July of 1957. Art Ortenberg and Liz Claiborne were married for forty-nine years. (Ortenberg, page 245-247)Over the next fifteen years, Liz Claiborne waited patiently to pursue her dreams fully until her son was able to support himself. She had found job security as a designer at young person Guild for those fifteen years. In 1975, Liz passed on an opportunity to break off and develop Youth Guild separate from its mother company, Jonathan Logan. She new it was time to begin a design company with her own vision.In the seventies, the working woman was making a name for herself. Liz was there to dress her. Liz Claiborne, whom was also career driven, si change what her customer needed. As a woman, she new the daily insecurities females face. She wanted to place her customers with quality clothing at an affordable price. In 1976, Liz Claiborne, along with partners Art Ortenberg and Leonard Boxer, created Liz Claiborne, Incorporated. Liz would capitulum the design team, Art would be in charge of operations, and Leonard would work the production side. In the beginning, Liz was the salesperson for the company.Looking for feedback, Liz would present merchandise and sketches to potential and experienced buyers. She wanted the truth. She found it price. (Ortenberg, page 247-251) The foundation of Liz Claiborne, Inc. would be created upon the idea of comfortable, easy-to-match separates. Although a simple concept women should not have to spend a fortune to look good, (Hayes) the mental picture revolutionized the way woman presented themselves in the workplace. The company made $2 million in sales its first year and went public in 1981. (need citation-F ortune 500?) Liz Claiborne, Inc. became the first company founded by a woman to make the Fortune 500 in 1986. (need citation-Fortune 500?)Liz Claiborne had her own sense of design, but she also had her own theories on management style. Liz emphasized equality in the workforce. According to Hayes, she thought with the team in mind and fostered their enthusiasm. (Hayes) Liz was also geared to teach techniques. She loved to teach through demonstrating. She thought of her work force as family. She believed good teachers and good programs involved good parents. According to Ortenberg, Liz and Art thought of themselves as the parents of the company. (Ortenberg page 37) Towards the end of her mold in 1989, Liz felt she was too far away from the actual process and could not make accurate management decisions.Therefore, she resigned as manager in 1989. Liz Claiborne was extremely regarded in the fashion industry. Her success was marked in 1990 and 1991 with many another(prenominal) awards and recognitions, including induction into the U.S. Business Hall of Fame and the Marketing Hall of Fame. She also received an honorary doctorate from the Rhode Island School of Design. (Ortenberg page 145-152) According to Ortenberg, this was the highest point of Lizs professional life. (Ortenberg page 147) In her life after the company, Liz was an avid conversationalist.She took part in and donated too many wildlife-conservation groups. To date, Liz and Arts foundation has given away $40 million to wildlife grants. (Johnson) In 2007, Anne Elisabeth Jane Liz Claiborne, fashion icon and industry revolutionary, lost her ten year passage of arms to cancer. Following her death, she was awarded a plaque on the Fashion Walk of Hall of Fame in 2008. Liz was a leader that understood the beauty behind the design of her clothes. to a greater extent outstandingly, Liz Claiborne understood the beauty behind the design of life and the people we share it with.III. Analysis of LeadershipLiz C laiborne had her own sense of design, but she also had her own theories on management style. In the following section, the leadership approaches Liz Claiborne used will be discussed. In addition, the least descriptive and the most descriptive theory will be outlined and supported. A. Skills ApproachThe skills approach is the idea leadership is based upon capabilities that can be learned and developed. The skills based concept describes what a leader does. Skills are important because leaders must be able to communicate their vision and effectively accumulate and structure information to facilitate problem solving and performance. Mumford, Campion and Morgeson (2007) discover leadership based on cognitive, interpersonal, business, and strategic skill. In addition to the four capabilities, different levels of management desire different levels of skill. For example, upper level management positions require more strategy skills than lower level management. (Kalargyrou)As Liz took an upper-level position of power within the company, she grew out of her task oriented comfort zone. Liz thought as a designer, The further one removes oneself from the actual work, the less value one adds to that work. (Ortenberg, page 151) Towards the end of her management days, Liz had come to a point where she was not gaining more knowledge and developing herself as strategic partner. The company was developing into a new environment around her. It was not the family size that she had once known. When she realized the weakness in her leadership approach, she retired from the upper level management position at the company.B. Style ApproachLeadership can be separated into two types of leadership behaviors task behaviors and relationship behaviors. Task behavior focuses on the production factor of the organization. Task behaviors are also concerned with the technical aspect of how duties are performed. family relationship behavior is geared towards the social awareness of the organiz ation. It is the concern for the people of the organization. By combining different levels of each of the styles, various leadership styles can be formed. In The Relationship Between Paternalistic and Leadership and Organizational Commitment Investigating the Role of Climate Regarding Ethics, the geru takes in a chela that is helpless and dependent.The guru recognizes it is his goal to treasure and develop the chela into a confident teacher. He encourages the chela to ask questions. By empowering the chela, the guru leads his disciple to success. Much like the guru, Liz Claiborne took on a nurturing and guiding role within in company. In this aspect, Liz takes on a paternalistic/maternalistic view of leadership. She considered her team a family, where she and Art Ortenberg were the parents. (Ortenberg) Liz encouraged her team to ask questions and lent her experience to help develop them into better designers. Liz used task behaviors to teach her subordinates and relationship behavi ors to cultivate a learning and family-like environment.C. ContingencyTo effective lead subordinates, a leader must have the appropriate styles contingent upon the situation. The effectiveness is dependent upon the leaders style and how it interacts in situations that are favorable to the leader. (Cruz, Nunez & Pinheiro) Leaders are primarily motivated by the tasks and relationships. Fiedlers theory takes those motivations and applies them to situational variables. (Cruz, Nunez & Pinheiro) Three key components to the Least Preferred Coworker Scale (LPC) are the leaders/members relationship, the task structure, and the position of authority. (Cruz, Nunez & Pinheiro) Liz Claiborne had stringent relationships with her subordinates when she first started up the company. She had hired Nancy, a pattern maker. Nancy respected and had confidence in Lizs position. Liz was the only designer at the time and had full oblige over the task structure in the beginning. Liz had maximum influence o ver her company.Therefore, she was task oriented and had a low LPC. As her company grew and her lack of influence over the design process diminished, Liz Claiborne should have molded herself into a stronger, relationship-oriented leader. Because she did not adjust her leadership style based on the situation and of the company and what it need for growth, Liz Claiborne was not as an efficient leader towards the end of her time as CEO of Liz Claiborne, Inc. An important stressor is that the contingency theory allows for a leader not to be effective in all situations. (Northouse 2007) Liz was more efficient she was working in a one-on-one, task oriented environment. When Liz was taken away from a task oriented environment, she lost the structure that made her the career woman she started out as.D. Transformational LeadershipTransformational leadership is a process between the leader and follower. Leaders motivate pursual to strive to a higher level of achievement. In doing so, the fo llower is transformed. The first component of transformational leadership (TFL) is idealized influence. (Phipps, Prieto, Verma) Liz Claiborne inspired women through her leadership. She was a role model that many women could look up to. The second component of TFL is inspirational motivation. (Phipps) Liz had fought through adversity growing up and had still com out on top. She wanted to empower woman through clothing. Being designers and customers, many of her following believed in her vision. The third component of transformational leadership is intellectual stimulation. (Phipps) According to Hayes, she always encourages employees to challenge themselves. Liz would conduct periodical meetings to spark new ideas. She loved to teach, and in doing so encouraged the promotion of many female designers. (Hayes)The fourth and final component of TFL is individualized consideration. Liz individualized the following needs and would focus on their personal development. She loved to teach, an d in doing so encouraged the promotion of many female designers. Was a transformational leader in and out of the business. Transformational leadership is most descriptive of Lizs leadership style. She used transformational leadership in her company to promote organizational performance and employee motivation. She met upheld the standards of the components of the theory. It is the authors public opinion that the transformational leadership approach Liz Claiborne took with the company led to her success as a business leader.IV. ConclusionsLiz Claibornes determination and life experiences as an early adult and child helped shape her into a great business leader. Thanks to the encouragement in the development of her love and eye for art, she had the drive to follow her dreams to be a fashion designer. Struggling to reach the top as a single mother, made her a great leader because she could later on relate to her demographic of consumers and the followers she would one day lead in her company. Liz had her leadership ups-and-downs in the latter part of her management, but she knew when she was out of her scope. As a strong and determined woman, Liz Claibornes legacy will live on in the fashion industry as a leader who transformed the industry of womens fashion design.